Infectious Diseases Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'zoonoses' refer to?

Animal diseases that affect only other animals.

Human diseases that are partnered with animal diseases.

Diseases transmissible from animals to humans. (correct)

Only infectious diseases found in wild animals.

Which of the following best describes direct zoonosis?

Requires contaminated environments for transmission.

Only involves mechanical vectors in the transmission process.

Requires two or more vertebrate hosts for its transmission.

Can perpetuate in nature with a single vertebrate species. (correct)

What type of zoonosis is characterized by transmission from animals to humans and typically includes diseases like shigellosis?

Anthropozoonosis (correct)

Zooantrhopozoonosis

Metazoonosis

Isozoonosis

Which of these is an example of indirect zoonosis?

Plague transmitted from rodents to humans via fleas. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of zoonotic disease is maintained in both humans and animals, allowing for transmission in either direction?

Amphixenosis Signup and view all the answers

Who has an increased risk of being exposed to zoonoses?

Farmers and veterinarians. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary entry route for zoonotic agents into humans through skin or mucous membranes?

Inoculative Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cyclozoonosis?

Involves only two or more vertebrate hosts without an invertebrate. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes zoonoses that result in similar signs and pathology in both humans and animals?

Isozoonosis Signup and view all the answers

What classification of zoonotic disease can be caused by agents such as fungi, bacteria, or prions?

General Etiologies Signup and view all the answers

What does the infectious cycle of rabies primarily require?

Only one vertebrate species to perpetuate. Signup and view all the answers

What historical observation influenced the development of zoonoses as a concept?

Classical observations of diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is credited with coining the term 'zoonosis'?

Rudolph Virchow. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is considered the gold standard test for diagnosing Brucellosis?

Rose Bengal Test Signup and view all the answers

What is a key clinical sign of Bubonic Plague?

Swelling of lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of Lyme Disease?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Glanders in humans?

1-14 days Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for causing Lyme Disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended method for controlling Plague among animal populations?

Rodents and plague control Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic appearance does Yersinia pestis have under a microscope?

Safety pin appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used for Brucellosis?

Gentamicin Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign differentiates Septicemic Plague from other forms of Plague?

Rapid onset of nervous symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector for transmitting Lyme Disease?

Ticks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary etiological agent of anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical form of anthrax is characterized by a depressed eschar?

Cutaneous anthrax Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of transmission for leptospirosis?

Direct contact with broken skin and urine Signup and view all the answers

What two portals of entry can allow Bacillus anthracis to infect humans?

Direct contact and inhalation of spores Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the gold standard test for diagnosing anthrax?

Ascoli test Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly used for leptospirosis?

Doxycycline Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristic pathognomonic signs of anthrax in animals?

Blood oozing from orifices Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for anthrax in humans?

2-5 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to control and prevent anthrax infections in humans?

Incineration or deep burial of dead animals Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is NOT commonly associated with leptospirosis?

Bang's Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for tularemia?

Direct contact with infected animals Signup and view all the answers

Which strain of E.coli is considered the most pathogenic?

EIEC Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with tularemia infections?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for tularemia?

Tetracycline Signup and view all the answers

The incubation period for colibacillosis ranges from:

12 to 72 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tularemia is characterized by necrotic ulceration of lymph nodes?

Ulcerglandular Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a synonym for tularemia?

Cholera Signup and view all the answers

Which protective measure is NOT considered part of colibacillosis control strategies?

Vaccination of livestock Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is specifically associated with the EIEC strain of E.coli?

Presence of mucus and blood in stool Signup and view all the answers

The geographic distribution of tularemia is primarily located in:

Northern Hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Abortus

Transmitted directly through contact with infected placenta and afterbirths of various animals during parturition.
Incubation period: 1 day to 3 weeks.
Clinical signs include fever, chills, sweating, weakness, insomnia, sexual impotence, constipation, anorexia, headache, arthralgia, general malaise, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly/jaundice, and nervous signs.
Rose Bengal Test is the gold standard for diagnosis.
Treatment: Gentamicin.
Control measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, implementing human and animal vaccination, and pasteurization of milk.

Plague

Wiped out one-third of Europe's population.
Caused by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative, non-motile bacillus with little resistance to external factors.
Transmitted through bites of infected fleas.
Incubation period: 2-6 days.
Three forms:
- Bubonic: marked by inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes (buboes).
- Septicemic: rapid onset of nervous and cerebral symptoms.
- Pneumonic: complication of bubonic and septicemic plague, characterized by dyspnea, coughing, expectoration, and pneumonia.
Clinical signs include fever, chills, nausea, headache, generalized pain, diarrhea/constipation, toxemia, shock, arterial hypotension, rapid pulse, nervous signs, anxiety, staggering gait, slurred speech, mental confusion, and prostration.
Treatment: Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol.
Control and prevention involve rodent and plague control measures.

Lyme Disease

Also known as Lyme Arthritis or Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) with polyarthritis.
Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a gram-negative spirochete.
Transmitted through tick bites.
Incubation period: 3-20 days.
Clinical signs include:
- Cutaneous: red macule/papule formation, bulls eye lesion.
- Systemic: fever, malaise, headache, stiff neck, myalgia, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy.
Treatment: Doxycycline and Penicillin.
Control and prevention measures consist of avoiding tick bites, applying repellents, and prophylactic treatment with doxycycline.

Glanders

Equine disease known as farcy/cutaneous glanders, equine nasal phtiasis, and maliasmus.
Caused by Burkholderia mallei, a gram-negative, non-motile bacterium.
Transmitted through direct contact with infected horses or inhalation of droplets.
Incubation period: 1 to 14 days.
Clinical signs include ulceration in nostrils with oozing mucus in horses.
Humans experience mucopurulent discharges from nostrils with pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, or lobar pneumonia.

Anthrax

Also known as woolsorter's disease, charbon, malignant pustule, malignant edema, and malignant carbuncle.
Caused by Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive bacterium that forms spores in the air.
Enters the body through direct contact or inhalation of spores.
Incubation period: 2-5 days.
Three clinical forms:
- Cutaneous: marked by papule, vesicle, and depressed eschar formation.
- Respiratory/pulmonary: upper respiratory type characterized by fever, shock, and death.
- Gastrointestinal: violent gastroenteritis, vomiting, and bloody stool.
Pathognomonic signs in animals include blood oozing from body orifices, lack of rigor mortis, and rapid decomposition.
Gold standard test: Ascoli test (precipitin test for serological diagnosis).
Treatment: Penicillin.
Control and prevention involve preventing contact with infected animals, disinfection of wool and fur, controlling animal infection, and incinerating or burying dead animals with lime.

Leptospirosis

Important occupational disease in humans, causing Weil's disease, Canicola fever, Mildrop syndrome, Cane cutter's fever, Rice field fever, Stuggart's disease, and Muddy fever/Swamp fever.
Caused by Leptospira interrogans, a gram-negative tightly coiled spirochete.
Transmitted through contact with infected urine or the mucous membrane.
Incubation period: 1 day to 2 weeks.
Two phases:
- Bacteremic/Leptospiremic: Leptospires are present in blood for 7-10 days.
  - Icteric/Hepatonephritic (Weil's): Fever, headache, myalgia, conjunctivitis, stiff neck, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, skin petechiae, GI hemorrhages, proteinuria, oliguria, anuria, azotemia, and electrolyte imbalance.
  - Anicteric: influenza-like symptoms like fever, myalgia, conjunctivitis, nausea, vomiting, and stiff neck.
- Leptospiruric: agent is shed in the urine for weeks to months.
Gold standard test: microscopic agglutination test (MAT).
Treatment: Doxycycline and ampicillin (IV ampicillin for small animals, dihydrostreptomycin for large animals).
Control: avoid flood exposure and prophylaxis with doxycycline.

Brucellosis

Also known as undulant fever, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever, Bang's disease, and ram epididymis.
Caused by Brucella species.
Transmitted through contact with infected animals, milk, or contaminated food.
Incubation period: 1-3 weeks.
Clinical signs include fever, chills, sweating, weakness, headache, arthralgia, and general malaise.
Diagnosis confirmed through serological tests.
Treatment: antibiotics.
Control: avoid contact with infected animals, implement vaccination programs, pasteurize milk, and ensure proper disposal of animal carcasses.

Tularemia

Also known as Francis disease, deer fly fever, rabbit fever, and Ohara disease.
Caused by Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative, non-motile bacillus.
Transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, or indirectly through mechanical vectors like ticks and flies.
Incubation period: 3 to 5 days.
Clinical signs include fever, chills, asthenia, joint and muscle pain, headache, vomiting, and various forms of tularemia: - Ulceroglandular: necrotic ulceration of lymph nodes near the entry site. - Glandular: inflammation of lymph nodes without primary lesions. - Oculoglandular: primary lesion on the lower eyelid. - Pulmonary: pneumonia in both lungs. - Typhoidal: Acquired through ingestion of contaminated meat, marked by gastroenteritis, fever, toxemia, and ulcerative lesions.
Treatment: Streptomycin and tetracycline.
Control and prevention measures involve avoiding contact with infected animals and tick bites.

Coliibacillosis

Worldwide disease.
Also known as collibacteriosis, colitoxermia, white scour, and gut edema.
Caused by Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous bacterium.
Transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food.
Incubation period: 12-72 hours.
Clinical signs include: - EPEC, ETEC, EHEC, and AEEC: profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal colic, without fever, mucus, or blood in stool. - EIEC: Dysentery-like symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mucus and blood in stool.
Treatment: Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMPs) and metronidazole.
Control: food protection, milk pasteurization, meat inspection, maternal and child health provision.

Salmonellosis

Acquired through the ingestion of food from infected animals.
Usually benign, with recovery in 2-4 days.
Also known as enteric epizootic typhoid and enteric infectious paratyphoid.
Caused by members of Salmonella enteriditis complex.
Transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Incubation period: 6-72 hours.
Clinical signs: - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, headache.
Treatment: antibiotics.
Control: proper food handling, pasteurization, and hygiene practices.

Other Infectious Diseases

Pasteurellosis (also known as fowl cholera) is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Pasteurella multocida. This bacterium can affect a wide range of animals, including poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs, and rabbits, and can be zoonotic. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, or through contaminated food and water.
Streptococcosis is a bacterial disease caused by Streptococcus spp., which can affect various animals, including humans. This infection is often associated with respiratory, skin, and wound infections.
Staphylococcosis is a bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus spp., which can affect various animals, including humans. This infection is known for causing skin infections, food poisoning, and respiratory problems.
Mycoplasmosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the Mycoplasma genus. These bacteria lack cell walls, making them resistant to antibiotics that target cell walls. They affect a range of animals, causing various illnesses, including respiratory infections, arthritis, and mastitis.
Clostridiosis is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium spp. These bacteria are anaerobic, meaning they thrive in oxygen-free environments. They produce harmful toxins, leading to various diseases, including tetanus, botulism, and gas gangrene.
Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial species found in the environment and in various food products. It can cause listeriosis, an infection that primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

These diseases can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated food, or environmental sources.

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Description

This quiz explores critical information about various infectious diseases, including Abortus and Plague. Key topics include transmission methods, clinical signs, treatment options, and historical impacts. Test your knowledge on disease control measures and diagnostics.