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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of tetanus?
What is the main characteristic of tetanus?
What type of bacteria produces the exotoxin responsible for tetanus?
What type of bacteria produces the exotoxin responsible for tetanus?
Where can the tetanus bacteria be found?
Where can the tetanus bacteria be found?
How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted to humans?
How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted to humans?
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What is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis?
What is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis?
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How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed in patients?
How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed in patients?
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Which medication can be used to treat cryptosporidiosis?
Which medication can be used to treat cryptosporidiosis?
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What is resistant to chlorination in the context of cryptosporidiosis?
What is resistant to chlorination in the context of cryptosporidiosis?
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What protozoan parasite causes toxoplasmosis?
What protozoan parasite causes toxoplasmosis?
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What are the most common side effects of food-borne infections?
What are the most common side effects of food-borne infections?
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Which test is NOT mentioned as an important diagnostic test for food-borne illnesses?
Which test is NOT mentioned as an important diagnostic test for food-borne illnesses?
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What is the causative agent of salmonellosis?
What is the causative agent of salmonellosis?
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What is the major reservoir of Salmonella?
What is the major reservoir of Salmonella?
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Which bacterium causes shigellosis?
Which bacterium causes shigellosis?
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What is a key symptom of severe cases of shigella infection?
What is a key symptom of severe cases of shigella infection?
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Why is it important to avoid anti-diarrheal agents in cases of shigella infection?
Why is it important to avoid anti-diarrheal agents in cases of shigella infection?
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Which part of the body does shigella most often affect?
Which part of the body does shigella most often affect?
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What is the primary cause of campylobacteriosis?
What is the primary cause of campylobacteriosis?
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What are the common sources of exposure to campylobacteriosis?
What are the common sources of exposure to campylobacteriosis?
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Which bacterium is associated with six different strains that can cause diarrhea?
Which bacterium is associated with six different strains that can cause diarrhea?
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How is E-coli generally spread?
How is E-coli generally spread?
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What is a common mode of transmission for E-coli between humans?
What is a common mode of transmission for E-coli between humans?
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What is a primary source of E-coli infection?
What is a primary source of E-coli infection?
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What are the main clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E-coli 0157:H7?
What are the main clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E-coli 0157:H7?
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Which toxin is associated with the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E-coli 0157:H7?
Which toxin is associated with the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E-coli 0157:H7?
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What are the characteristic features of E-coli 0157:H7 as a shigatoxin-associated bacterium?
What are the characteristic features of E-coli 0157:H7 as a shigatoxin-associated bacterium?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Trichinellosis?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Trichinellosis?
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Which diagnostic method is specifically mentioned for identifying Trichinellosis?
Which diagnostic method is specifically mentioned for identifying Trichinellosis?
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What is the primary cause of botulism?
What is the primary cause of botulism?
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Which type of bacteria is Clostridium botulinum?
Which type of bacteria is Clostridium botulinum?
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What is a common association with infant botulism?
What is a common association with infant botulism?
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What is a common symptom associated with botulism?
What is a common symptom associated with botulism?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of botulism?
Which of the following is a common symptom of botulism?
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What type of bacteria is Bacillus Cereus?
What type of bacteria is Bacillus Cereus?
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Why is Bacillus Cereus commonly called the 'fried rice syndrome'?
Why is Bacillus Cereus commonly called the 'fried rice syndrome'?
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What is the characteristic feature of Bacillus Cereus?
What is the characteristic feature of Bacillus Cereus?
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How is cholera commonly diagnosed?
How is cholera commonly diagnosed?
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What is the main mode of exposure to cholera?
What is the main mode of exposure to cholera?
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What is the causative agent of cholera?
What is the causative agent of cholera?
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What is the primary treatment requirement for patients with cholera?
What is the primary treatment requirement for patients with cholera?
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What is the primary concern in patients with cholera?
What is the primary concern in patients with cholera?
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What is the leading cause of food-borne illness according to the CDC?
What is the leading cause of food-borne illness according to the CDC?
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Which viral illness commonly infects infants and children?
Which viral illness commonly infects infants and children?
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Where is Norovirus commonly spread?
Where is Norovirus commonly spread?
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What is a common symptom associated with rotavirus infection?
What is a common symptom associated with rotavirus infection?
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How is rotavirus primarily transmitted to humans?
How is rotavirus primarily transmitted to humans?
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What is a common symptom of Hepatitis A?
What is a common symptom of Hepatitis A?
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What is a potential consequence of untreated Hepatitis A infection?
What is a potential consequence of untreated Hepatitis A infection?
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What is the primary cause of Giardia?
What is the primary cause of Giardia?
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Where does Giardia primarily affect the body?
Where does Giardia primarily affect the body?
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What is another name for Giardia?
What is another name for Giardia?
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Where are Giardia outbreaks commonly associated?
Where are Giardia outbreaks commonly associated?
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How can Giardia be identified?
How can Giardia be identified?
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What are the diagnostic tests for identifying Giardia?
What are the diagnostic tests for identifying Giardia?
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What disease can be caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
What disease can be caused by Entamoeba histolytica?
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Which parasite is also known as the 'brain eating amoeba'?
Which parasite is also known as the 'brain eating amoeba'?
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What type of organism is Entamoeba histolytica?
What type of organism is Entamoeba histolytica?
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What causes Malaria?
What causes Malaria?
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What is a major danger associated with Malaria?
What is a major danger associated with Malaria?
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How can Naegleria fowleri infect a person?
How can Naegleria fowleri infect a person?
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Which stage of malaria is characterized by high fever and shivering?
Which stage of malaria is characterized by high fever and shivering?
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What is the first stage of malaria characterized by?
What is the first stage of malaria characterized by?
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Which stage of malaria is associated with profuse sweating?
Which stage of malaria is associated with profuse sweating?
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What is the most common mosquito-borne illness in the USA?
What is the most common mosquito-borne illness in the USA?
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Who is most at risk for West Nile virus?
Who is most at risk for West Nile virus?
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How is West Nile Virus diagnosed?
How is West Nile Virus diagnosed?
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What birth defects can Zika infection cause in pregnant individuals?
What birth defects can Zika infection cause in pregnant individuals?
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What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?
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Which virus is associated with causing multiple serious birth defects including microcephaly?
Which virus is associated with causing multiple serious birth defects including microcephaly?
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What is the primary treatment for Lyme disease?
What is the primary treatment for Lyme disease?
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How is Lyme disease most commonly transmitted?
How is Lyme disease most commonly transmitted?
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What kind of rash is indicative of Lyme disease?
What kind of rash is indicative of Lyme disease?
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What is the initial onset of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
What is the initial onset of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Which bacterium causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Which bacterium causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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What does a rash spreading to the trunk indicate in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
What does a rash spreading to the trunk indicate in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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What is the first line of treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
What is the first line of treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Study Notes
Tetanus
- Main characteristic is muscle stiffness and spasms due to toxin effects.
- Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria.
- Tetanus bacteria can be found in soil, dust, and animal feces.
Cryptosporidiosis
- Transmitted to humans primarily through contaminated water.
- Causative agent is Cryptosporidium spp. (protozoan).
- Diagnosed via microscopy of stool samples or special staining techniques.
- Treatment includes nitazoxanide, though supportive care is essential.
- Oocysts are resistant to chlorination, complicating water treatment efforts.
Toxoplasmosis
- Caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
Food-borne Infections
- Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
- Test not mentioned for diagnosing food-borne illnesses: blood cultures.
Salmonellosis
- Causative agent is Salmonella bacteria.
- Major reservoir includes poultry and reptiles.
Shigellosis
- Caused by the bacterium Shigella.
- Key symptom includes severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.
- Anti-diarrheal agents should be avoided to prevent complications such as toxin accumulation.
- Primarily affects the intestinal lining, leading to ulceration.
Campylobacteriosis
- Primary cause linked to Campylobacter jejuni bacteria.
- Common exposure sources include undercooked poultry and contaminated water.
Escherichia coli (E-coli)
- Associated with multiple strains causing diarrhea, particularly E. coli O157:H7.
- Generally spread through contaminated food and water.
- Human transmission can occur via fecal-oral route.
- Primary source of infection is undercooked beef.
- Clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome include kidney failure and hemolytic anemia.
- Shiga toxin is linked to E. coli O157:H7 syndrome, affecting blood cells and kidneys.
- Characteristic features include production of Shiga toxin, leading to severe illness.
Trichinellosis
- Primary mode of transmission is through consumption of undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae.
- Diagnosis is often made through muscle biopsy or serology testing.
Botulism
- Primary cause is the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria.
- Associated with infant botulism is consumption of honey.
- Symptoms include muscle weakness, vision problems, and respiratory difficulties.
Bacillus Cereus
- Gram-positive bacterium, capable of forming spores.
- Commonly called 'fried rice syndrome' due to association with fried rice dishes left unrefrigerated.
- Characteristic feature includes producing toxins that cause food poisoning.
Cholera
- Diagnosed through stool culture and rapid testing methods.
- Common mode of exposure is consumption of contaminated water or food.
- Causative agent is Vibrio cholerae.
- Primary treatment concern is rehydration to prevent severe dehydration.
Food-borne Illnesses & Viral Infections
- Leading cause of food-borne illness according to the CDC includes norovirus.
- Norovirus commonly spreads in crowded environments such as cruise ships.
- Common symptom of rotavirus infection is severe diarrhea, especially in children.
- Rotavirus primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
Hepatitis A
- Common symptom is jaundice, alongside fatigue and abdominal pain.
- Untreated infections can lead to liver failure.
Giardia
- Primary cause is the protozoan Giardia lamblia.
- Primarily affects the intestines, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Also known as "beaver fever."
- Outbreaks are commonly associated with contaminated water sources.
- Identified through stool examination and specific antigen tests.
Entamoeba histolytica
- Causes amoebic dysentery, a severe gastrointestinal disease.
- Known as the "brain-eating amoeba": Naegleria fowleri can cause fatal infections in the brain.
Malaria
- Caused by Plasmodium spp.; major strains include P. falciparum.
- Major danger is severe anemia and cerebral complications.
- Naegleria fowleri infects through nasal passages, usually from contaminated water.
- Malaria stages: high fever and chills occur during the paroxysmal stage; profuse sweating is typical after fever peaks.
West Nile Virus
- Most common mosquito-borne illness in the USA; affects birds primarily.
- Individuals over 50 years are most at risk.
- Diagnosed through serological tests detecting specific antibodies.
Zika Virus
- Associated with causing serious birth defects like microcephaly.
Lyme Disease
- Causative agent is Borrelia burgdorferi.
- Transmitted primarily by Ixodes ticks.
- An erythema migrans rash is a key indicator of infection.
- Primary treatment involves antibiotics, especially doxycycline.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Initial onset is characterized by a sudden fever.
- Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii.
- Rash spreading to the trunk indicates a systemic spread of the infection.
- First-line treatment includes doxycycline.
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Description
Test your knowledge about infectious disease vectors with this quiz. Identify different types of vectors and examples of arthropod, foodborne, and waterborne disease vectors.