Infectious Disease Vectors Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of tetanus?

Severe headache

Fever and chills

Rapid heartbeat and sweating

General rigidity and muscle spasm (correct)

What type of bacteria produces the exotoxin responsible for tetanus?

Staphylococcus aureus

Clostridium tetani (correct)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Escherichia coli

Where can the tetanus bacteria be found?

Human saliva

Drinking water

Feces of animals, soil, and puncture wounds (correct)

Plant leaves

How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted to humans?

Through contaminated food and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis?

Cryptosporidium Signup and view all the answers

How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed in patients?

Detection of oocysts in the stool Signup and view all the answers

Which medication can be used to treat cryptosporidiosis?

Nitazoxanide Signup and view all the answers

What is resistant to chlorination in the context of cryptosporidiosis?

Oocysts Signup and view all the answers

What protozoan parasite causes toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasma gondii Signup and view all the answers

What are the most common side effects of food-borne infections?

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which test is NOT mentioned as an important diagnostic test for food-borne illnesses?

Blood culture Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of salmonellosis?

Salmonella typhi Signup and view all the answers

What is the major reservoir of Salmonella?

Turtles Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium causes shigellosis?

Shigella bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom of severe cases of shigella infection?

Bloody and mucous stools (Dysentery) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid anti-diarrheal agents in cases of shigella infection?

They prolong the illness Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body does shigella most often affect?

Large intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of campylobacteriosis?

Undercooked meat Signup and view all the answers

What are the common sources of exposure to campylobacteriosis?

Undercooked meat and contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is associated with six different strains that can cause diarrhea?

E-coli Signup and view all the answers

How is E-coli generally spread?

Via ingestion of feces-contaminated food Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mode of transmission for E-coli between humans?

Direct contact with infected individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of E-coli infection?

Drinking untreated water Signup and view all the answers

What are the main clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E-coli 0157:H7?

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin is associated with the development of hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by E-coli 0157:H7?

Shigatoxin Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristic features of E-coli 0157:H7 as a shigatoxin-associated bacterium?

Development of hemolytic uremic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Trichinellosis?

Consuming undercooked pig or game meat Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is specifically mentioned for identifying Trichinellosis?

Blood test or muscle biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of botulism?

Clostridium botulinum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is Clostridium botulinum?

Gram-positive rod Signup and view all the answers

What is a common association with infant botulism?

Consumption of honey Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with botulism?

Muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of botulism?

Difficulty breathing Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Bacillus Cereus?

Gram-positive aerobic rod Signup and view all the answers

Why is Bacillus Cereus commonly called the 'fried rice syndrome'?

It causes symptoms similar to food poisoning from contaminated fried rice Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Bacillus Cereus?

Production of endospores Signup and view all the answers

How is cholera commonly diagnosed?

Rice water stool Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mode of exposure to cholera?

Exposure to contaminated shellfish or travel to endemic regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of cholera?

Vibrio cholerae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment requirement for patients with cholera?

Fluid replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern in patients with cholera?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of food-borne illness according to the CDC?

Norovirus Signup and view all the answers

Which viral illness commonly infects infants and children?

Rotavirus Signup and view all the answers

Where is Norovirus commonly spread?

Cruise ships Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with rotavirus infection?

Vomiting and nausea Signup and view all the answers

How is rotavirus primarily transmitted to humans?

Consumption of contaminated food or water Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Hepatitis A?

Jaundice Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of untreated Hepatitis A infection?

Liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Giardia?

Giardia lamblia Signup and view all the answers

Where does Giardia primarily affect the body?

Upper small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for Giardia?

Beaver fever Signup and view all the answers

Where are Giardia outbreaks commonly associated?

Day care centers and swimming pools Signup and view all the answers

How can Giardia be identified?

By cysts or trophozoites in feces Signup and view all the answers

What are the diagnostic tests for identifying Giardia?

ELISA and DFA Signup and view all the answers

What disease can be caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

Amoebic dysentery Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite is also known as the 'brain eating amoeba'?

Naegleria fowleri Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Entamoeba histolytica?

Parasite Signup and view all the answers

What causes Malaria?

Plasmodium parasite Signup and view all the answers

What is a major danger associated with Malaria?

Possible relapses after recovery Signup and view all the answers

How can Naegleria fowleri infect a person?

Through contaminated water entering the nose Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of malaria is characterized by high fever and shivering?

Hot stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of malaria characterized by?

Shivering and chills Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of malaria is associated with profuse sweating?

Hot stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mosquito-borne illness in the USA?

West Nile Virus Signup and view all the answers

Who is most at risk for West Nile virus?

People over the age of 50 who spend a lot of time outdoors Signup and view all the answers

How is West Nile Virus diagnosed?

IgM on serum/CSF Signup and view all the answers

What birth defects can Zika infection cause in pregnant individuals?

Severe microcephaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with causing multiple serious birth defects including microcephaly?

Zika virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Lyme disease?

Antibiotics (doxy) Signup and view all the answers

How is Lyme disease most commonly transmitted?

Tick bites Signup and view all the answers

What kind of rash is indicative of Lyme disease?

"Bull's eye" rash Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial onset of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Headache and fever Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsia rickettsii Signup and view all the answers

What does a rash spreading to the trunk indicate in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

It is a bad sign of a severe disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the first line of treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Doxycycline Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tetanus

Main characteristic is muscle stiffness and spasms due to toxin effects.
Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria.
Tetanus bacteria can be found in soil, dust, and animal feces.

Cryptosporidiosis

Transmitted to humans primarily through contaminated water.
Causative agent is Cryptosporidium spp. (protozoan).
Diagnosed via microscopy of stool samples or special staining techniques.
Treatment includes nitazoxanide, though supportive care is essential.
Oocysts are resistant to chlorination, complicating water treatment efforts.

Toxoplasmosis

Caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.

Food-borne Infections

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
Test not mentioned for diagnosing food-borne illnesses: blood cultures.

Salmonellosis

Causative agent is Salmonella bacteria.
Major reservoir includes poultry and reptiles.

Shigellosis

Caused by the bacterium Shigella.
Key symptom includes severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.
Anti-diarrheal agents should be avoided to prevent complications such as toxin accumulation.
Primarily affects the intestinal lining, leading to ulceration.

Campylobacteriosis

Primary cause linked to Campylobacter jejuni bacteria.
Common exposure sources include undercooked poultry and contaminated water.

Escherichia coli (E-coli)

Associated with multiple strains causing diarrhea, particularly E. coli O157:H7.
Generally spread through contaminated food and water.
Human transmission can occur via fecal-oral route.
Primary source of infection is undercooked beef.
Clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome include kidney failure and hemolytic anemia.
Shiga toxin is linked to E. coli O157:H7 syndrome, affecting blood cells and kidneys.
Characteristic features include production of Shiga toxin, leading to severe illness.

Trichinellosis

Primary mode of transmission is through consumption of undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae.
Diagnosis is often made through muscle biopsy or serology testing.

Botulism

Primary cause is the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria.
Associated with infant botulism is consumption of honey.
Symptoms include muscle weakness, vision problems, and respiratory difficulties.

Bacillus Cereus

Gram-positive bacterium, capable of forming spores.
Commonly called 'fried rice syndrome' due to association with fried rice dishes left unrefrigerated.
Characteristic feature includes producing toxins that cause food poisoning.

Cholera

Diagnosed through stool culture and rapid testing methods.
Common mode of exposure is consumption of contaminated water or food.
Causative agent is Vibrio cholerae.
Primary treatment concern is rehydration to prevent severe dehydration.

Food-borne Illnesses & Viral Infections

Leading cause of food-borne illness according to the CDC includes norovirus.
Norovirus commonly spreads in crowded environments such as cruise ships.
Common symptom of rotavirus infection is severe diarrhea, especially in children.
Rotavirus primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

Hepatitis A

Common symptom is jaundice, alongside fatigue and abdominal pain.
Untreated infections can lead to liver failure.

Giardia

Primary cause is the protozoan Giardia lamblia.
Primarily affects the intestines, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms.
Also known as "beaver fever."
Outbreaks are commonly associated with contaminated water sources.
Identified through stool examination and specific antigen tests.

Entamoeba histolytica

Causes amoebic dysentery, a severe gastrointestinal disease.
Known as the "brain-eating amoeba": Naegleria fowleri can cause fatal infections in the brain.

Malaria

Caused by Plasmodium spp.; major strains include P. falciparum.
Major danger is severe anemia and cerebral complications.
Naegleria fowleri infects through nasal passages, usually from contaminated water.
Malaria stages: high fever and chills occur during the paroxysmal stage; profuse sweating is typical after fever peaks.

West Nile Virus

Most common mosquito-borne illness in the USA; affects birds primarily.
Individuals over 50 years are most at risk.
Diagnosed through serological tests detecting specific antibodies.

Zika Virus

Associated with causing serious birth defects like microcephaly.

Lyme Disease

Causative agent is Borrelia burgdorferi.
Transmitted primarily by Ixodes ticks.
An erythema migrans rash is a key indicator of infection.
Primary treatment involves antibiotics, especially doxycycline.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Initial onset is characterized by a sudden fever.
Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii.
Rash spreading to the trunk indicates a systemic spread of the infection.
First-line treatment includes doxycycline.

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Test your knowledge about infectious disease vectors with this quiz. Identify different types of vectors and examples of arthropod, foodborne, and waterborne disease vectors.