Infectious Disease and the Immune System
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of diseases?

  • Genetics
  • Environmental factors
  • Pathogen infection
  • Poor diet (correct)

    • Which statement about pathogens is correct?

  • Pathogens are only bacteria.
  • Viruses are considered living cells.
  • Pathogens can be seen with the naked eye.
  • Pathogens can include bacteria, fungi, and viruses. (correct)

    • What characteristic makes viruses fundamentally different from living organisms?

  • Viruses can undergo protein synthesis on their own.
  • Viruses reproduce independently.
  • Viruses cannot replicate without a host cell. (correct)
  • Viruses grow in size as they replicate.

    • What is the primary reason only specific body cells are damaged by certain viruses?

    <p>Viruses must match their proteins to a cell's for entry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do viruses differ from living organisms in terms of size?

    <p>Viruses are generally much smaller than host cells. (A), Viruses are fixed in size and do not grow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic material can viruses use?

    <p>Both DNA and RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do viruses use to enter a host cell?

    <p>Endocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of viruses is described by having multiple origins?

    <p>Convergent evolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason zoonotic diseases are concerning for human health?

    <p>They increase the number of pathogens that could infect humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?

    <p>Rabies transmitted from dogs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about HIV is true?

    <p>HIV mutates quickly due to its RNA structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does reverse transcriptase play in HIV infection?

    <p>It converts RNA into DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does contact with livestock contribute to zoonotic diseases?

    <p>It leads to more genetic diversity among human pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following transmission methods is NOT associated with HIV?

    <p>Casual contact with an infected person. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lymphocytes due to HIV infection?

    <p>They are destroyed more rapidly than produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is most commonly associated with human rabies transmission?

    <p>Dogs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytidine deaminase in HIV?

    <p>It converts cytosine to uracil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for HIV?

    <p>HIV quickly mutates its antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of B-cell is primarily responsible for producing antibodies immediately during an infection?

    <p>Plasma B cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do memory B cells function during subsequent infections?

    <p>They activate and respond quickly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of vaccines in relation to the immune system?

    <p>They help create memory B cells to facilitate a stronger response to future infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about herd immunity is true?

    <p>It protects those who are not immune by reducing disease spread. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of vaccination, what role do boosters play?

    <p>They enhance and prolong the immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the characteristics of plasm B cells?

    <p>They are the majority of B-cell clones and produce antibodies quickly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC proteins concerning T-cells?

    <p>They present antigens to helper T-cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

    <p>Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of memory B cells in the immune response?

    <p>To provide a long-lasting defense against future infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is herd immunity typically achieved?

    <p>By vaccinating a critical percentage of the population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the capsid in a virus?

    <p>To enclose the virus's genetic material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the lytic cycle of a virus?

    <p>New viral particles rapidly produce and burst from the host cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of lysogenic viruses?

    <p>Their genetic material can remain dormant in the host DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of virus must transcribe its genes into mRNA before translation can occur?

    <p>Negative-sense RNA virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus becomes enveloped by the plasma membrane of the host cell?

    <p>Enveloped virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bacteriophages is true?

    <p>They can both lyse and integrate into the host's DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some viruses cause evolution in their host cells?

    <p>By integrating viral genes into the host's genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes unrelated organisms developing similar traits?

    <p>Convergent evolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the rapid evolution of viruses?

    <p>Their short generation times (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the genetic material of retroviruses characterized?

    <p>Double-stranded DNA synthesized from RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral cycle is characterized by minimal harm to the host?

    <p>Lysogenic cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible origin for viruses according to evolutionary theories?

    <p>They originated from ancient RNA or DNA molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic material variation is NOT observed in viruses?

    <p>Lipid-coated DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate source of genetic variation in populations?

    <p>Mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is vaccination against viruses with high mutation rates particularly challenging?

    <p>Antibodies do not recognize mutated antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reassortment in the context of influenza viruses?

    <p>Combination of RNA from different virus strains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't antibiotics be used to treat viral infections?

    <p>Viruses lack metabolic processes of their own (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can bacterial strains develop multiple antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Through spontaneous mutation followed by natural selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in the context of the influenza virus?

    <p>Membrane antigens that mutate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'zoonosis' refer to?

    <p>An infectious disease that can be transmitted between species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of antibiotics on prokaryotic bacterial cells compared to eukaryotic human cells?

    <p>Antibiotics do not disrupt human cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major public health threat related to antibiotics?

    <p>Resistance is rapidly increasing in bacterial populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about virus evolution is true?

    <p>Viruses evolve primarily through natural selection acting on mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do influenza vaccines need to be updated regularly?

    <p>The strains of influenza can completely change each year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the widespread use of antibiotics contribute to the evolution of resistance?

    <p>By creating selective pressure for resistant strains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur when a bacterium develops a mutation for antibiotic resistance?

    <p>The bacterium will replicate and survive preferentially (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of RNA viruses like coronaviruses?

    <p>They have a high mutation rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary method do bacteria use to pass on antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria?

    <p>Conjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?

    <p>To provide moisture and inhibit microbial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the mucous membranes effective in trapping microorganisms?

    <p>They produce a sticky solution of glycoproteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does thrombin play in the blood clotting process?

    <p>It converts fibrinogen into fibrin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an incorrect statement regarding the first line of defense against pathogens?

    <p>Mucous membranes release destructive enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the natural selection of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Large populations of rapidly reproducing bacteria increase the chance of resistance mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for patients to complete the prescribed course of antibiotics?

    <p>To ensure the complete elimination of the infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component in blood is responsible for forming a clot during the clotting process?

    <p>Thrombokinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to preventing antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Over-prescription of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily involved in the process of blood clotting to form a stable clot?

    <p>The fibrin mesh stabilizing the platelet plug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the skin helps it serve as a barrier against pathogens?

    <p>It is composed mainly of dead cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do leukocytes use to combat infection once it occurs?

    <p>They engage in phagocytosis of pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a role of mucous membranes?

    <p>Providing a physical barrier like the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the body's defenses primarily constitutes the second line of defense?

    <p>The action of leukocytes against pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>Lymphocyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Producing red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antigens on the surface of cells?

    <p>To act as recognition markers for the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a macrophage engulfs and destroys a foreign invader?

    <p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies help neutralize pathogens?

    <p>By preventing the pathogen from entering host cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T-cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>To activate B-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is involved in antigen presentation by macrophages?

    <p>MHC proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To act as signaling proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is responsible for the formation of pus at the site of an infection?

    <p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>The innate system does not remember past infections, while the adaptive system does. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of antibodies?

    <p>They are produced by macrophages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the complement system in the immune response?

    <p>To directly destroy pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is responsible for the process of opsonization, where antibodies target pathogens for phagocytosis?

    <p>Macrophage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the adaptive immune response, what is meant by the term 'antigen presentation'?

    <p>Displaying foreign antigens on the surface of a cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between lymphocytes and the lymphatic system?

    <p>The lymphatic system is where lymphocytes mature and are activated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the role of a helper T-cell in the immune response?

    <p>Acting as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infectious Disease and the Immune System

    • A disease is an illness with specific symptoms
    • Causes of diseases have been misinterpreted in the past (e.g., malaria not caused by bad air, stress not causing ulcers)
    • Diseases have three main causes: genetics, environment (toxins, radiation), and pathogen infection
    • A pathogen is an organism (bacteria, fungi, protists) or virus that causes disease in another organism
      • Viruses are not considered living cells as they cannot replicate or synthesize proteins independently
    • Viruses replicate inside host cells, using their resources
    • Viruses have antigens on their surface for host cell recognition
    • Viruses have common features: small size (20-30 nm), fixed size, nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) as genetic material, protein capsid, and no (or few) enzymes
    • Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria; prophages are incorporated bacteriophage DNA
    • Viruses can have diverse structures and genetic materials (single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA, linear or circular)
      • Positive-sense RNA: used directly as mRNA
      • Negative-sense RNA: transcribed to mRNA before translation
      • Retroviruses: make DNA copies of RNA
      • Enveloped/non-enveloped: enveloped viruses have a host cell membrane coating, while non-enveloped viruses don't
    • Viral Replication Cycles
      • Lytic cycle: virus rapidly replicates, host cell lyses
      • Lysogenic cycle: viral DNA integrates into host DNA, remains dormant, and can be replicated with host DNA; eventually can enter lytic cycle
    • Viruses have multiple origins and have shown convergent evolution
    • Viruses evolve rapidly due to
      • Short generation times
      • High mutation rates, especially in RNA viruses
      • Selection pressure from the host's immune response. Influenza, for example, needs annual vaccine updates due to rapid mutation
    • Reassortment of viral genes can lead to new strains and pandemics

    Fungal, Bacterial, and Antibiotic Resistance

    • Fungi are microorganisms that can cause diseases
    • Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can reproduce rapidly. Bacterial products can cause side effects, and antibiotics block bacterial processes to stop them from replicating or producing proteins/manufacturing cell walls.
    • Antibiotics do not harm human cells because they are structurally different from bacteria.
    • Bacteria develop antibiotic resistance due to spontaneous mutations that are selected for by antibiotic use
    • Widespread use of antibiotics in humans and livestock contributes significantly to antibiotic resistance

    First and Second Lines of Defense

    • Body's first line of defense includes the skin (physical barrier) and mucous membranes.
      • Skin: includes dead cells, sebum, and acidity.
      • Mucous membranes: produce mucus to trap pathogens, and enzymes (e.g., lysozyme).
    • Second line of defense involves leukocytes (white blood cells)
    • Phagocytes (like macrophages) ingest and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis
    • Phagocytes and leukocytes contribute to the formation of pus.

    The Lymphatic System and Antibody Production

    • The lymphatic system transports lymph (fluids with leukocytes) and filters out foreign particles
    • Lymph nodes become enlarged during infection
    • Antigens trigger antibody production. Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes.
      • The immune system identifies self (body) versus non-self (foreign invader) through antigens.
      • Antibodies neutralize pathogens, opsonize them (mark them for phagocytosis), agglutinate them, or activate the complement system to destroy them

    Antibody Production and Immunity (the adaptive immune system)

    • A macrophage presents processed antigens to helper T-cells
    • Helper T-cells activate B-cells which then undergo clonal selection
      • Plasma cells produce antibodies for immediate response but are short-lived
      • Memory B-cells remain for long-term immunity and respond rapidly on secondary exposure to the same antigen
    • Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells destroy infected cells

    Vaccines and Immunity

    • Vaccines stimulate the body to develop immunity against pathogens
    • Vaccines can use weakened or killed pathogens or just the pathogen's surface proteins
    • Repeated exposure to antigens triggers a faster secondary response, producing more and faster antibodies
    • Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of the population is immune, preventing pathogen spread.

    Zoonotic Diseases and HIV

    • Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans
    • Factors that contribute to zoonotic outbreaks include increased human-animal contact and wildlife displacement.
    • HIV infects immune system cells (lymphocytes), eventually leading to AIDS, a condition that severely impairs immunity
    • HIV has a high mutation rate which hinders vaccine development

    Data Analysis

    • This section describes interpreting data related to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as percentages, percent change, and percent difference.

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    Description

    Explore the critical topics surrounding infectious diseases and the immune system. This quiz covers the nature of diseases, the role of pathogens, and the characteristics of viruses. Test your understanding of how these elements interact in human health.

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