Infections of Upper GIT

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of taking biopsies during endoscopy?

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of previous treatments
  • To assess the patient's overall health
  • To collect gastric mucosa samples for testing (correct)
  • To reduce symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders

Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing H. pylori in higher risk patients?

  • Non-invasive urea breath test
  • Endoscopy with gastric tissue biopsy (correct)
  • Stool antigen test
  • Serological antibody testing

What indicates a positive result in the rapid urea test?

  • A change in color to blue
  • No color change
  • A change in color to yellow
  • A change in color to red (correct)

What is included in the triple drug regimen for treating H. pylori infections?

<p>Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, and PPI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a preferred method for diagnosing current H. pylori infection?

<p>Serological antibody test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary defense mechanism against gastrointestinal infections?

<p>Presence of normal flora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of gastrointestinal infection?

<p>Pneumonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily responsible for causing oral candidiasis?

<p>Candida species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

<p>Produces urease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which population are most cases of viral esophagitis predominantly found?

<p>Immunocompromised patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of media is used for the culture of Helicobacter pylori?

<p>Skirrow's medium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with herpetic stomatitis caused by herpes simplex virus?

<p>Whitish patches on the tongue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the morphology of Helicobacter pylori?

<p>Spiral or curved bacilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What virulence factor of H.pylori helps neutralize the acidic environment of the stomach?

<p>Urease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about H.pylori transmission is true?

<p>It can be transmitted via oral-oral or feco-oral routes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) in H.pylori pathogenesis?

<p>Forms pores and induces apoptosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common symptom of H.pylori infection?

<p>Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Urea Breath Test in diagnosing H.pylori infection?

<p>To detect labeled CO2 in exhaled breath. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Mucinase produced by H.pylori?

<p>Degrades gastric mucus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A (Cag A) affect the body?

<p>It stimulates inflammatory responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these non-invasive tests detects H.pylori antibodies in the serum?

<p>Serology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Upper GIT infections

Infections affecting the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.

Oral candidiasis

A fungal infection of the mouth, characterized by white patches.

Herpetic stomatitis

A viral infection of the mouth causing blisters and sores.

Esophageal candidiasis

A fungal infection of the esophagus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

H. pylori

A bacteria causing gastritis, a stomach infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by H. pylori.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microaerophilic

Requires low levels of oxygen to grow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urease Positive

Produces an enzyme that breaks down urea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

H. pylori Virulence Factors

Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori that enable it to survive in the stomach and cause disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urease Function

Converts urea to ammonia, neutralizing stomach acid to help H. pylori colonize.

Signup and view all the flashcards

H. pylori Motility

H. pylori's corkscrew movement enables it to move through mucus layers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mucinase Action

Breaks down mucus, allowing H. pylori to get closer to epithelial cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urea Breath Test

A non-invasive test for H. pylori using labeled urea and detecting exhaled CO2.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stool Antigen Detection

Identifies H. pylori antigens in fecal matter using ELISA or immunochromatography.

Signup and view all the flashcards

H. pylori Transmission

H. pylori infection spreads among people through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, often in childhood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Outcomes of H. pylori

H. pylori infections may be asymptomatic or cause gastritis, peptic ulcers and symptoms like stomach pain, heartburn and nausea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endoscopic test for H. pylori

Invasive test involving gastric biopsy for H. pylori diagnosis. Includes specimen collection, rapid urea test, culture, histology, PCR.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rapid Urea Test (RUT)

A quick test for H. pylori. A positive test (red color) indicates presence of bacteria in the sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

H. pylori Culture

Growing H. pylori bacteria from a sample in a specific lab environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gold Standard Test for H. pylori

Endoscopic approach with biopsy, culture, histology, or rapid urea test. This method is preferred when high risk is a concern (e.g., bleeding, weight loss, elderly, suspicion of malignancy).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Triple/Quadruple Drug Regimen (H. pylori)

Combination of antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to treat H. pylori infection for 14 days.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Infections of Upper GIT

  • Microorganisms are swallowed daily, but rarely cause infection due to the body's defense mechanisms
  • These mechanisms prevent microorganisms from reaching the intestine in sufficient numbers to cause infection.

Defense Mechanisms Against GIT Infections

  • The mouth contains a flow of liquids (saliva), lysozyme, and normal bacteria flora
  • The esophagus has a flow of liquids (also swallowing) and peristalsis
  • The stomach contains acid (pH)
  • The small intestine contains flow of gut contents, peristalsis, mucus, bile, secretory IgA, lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches) and shedding/replacement of epithelium.
  • The large intestine has normal flora, peristalsis, shedding/replication of epithelium, and mucus.

Normal Flora

  • Approximately 1,200 species of bacteria, yeasts, and other organisms are present in the human gastrointestinal tract.
  • The oral cavity has around 10³ cells/ml of Firmicutes, Streptococcus, Candida, Helicobacter pylori, and Peptostreptococcus.
  • The stomach has around 10³cells/ml of Lactobacillus and Candida.
  • The Duodenum, Proximal ileum and Distal ileum all have around 106 cells/ml Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostidium, Actinomycinae, Corynebacteria, etc
  • The colon has approximately 1012 cells/ml of Clostridium groups IV & XJV, Bifidobacterium, and Enterobacteriaceae.

Types of Gastrointestinal Infections

  • Infections of the upper GIT (Stomatitis, Esophagitis, Gastritis)
  • Microbial causes of Diarrhea (Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic)
  • Food poisoning
  • Parasites of the gastrointestinal tract
  • Microbial causes of Hepatitis

Infections of Oral Cavity

  • Fungal causes: Oral candidiasis (Oral thrush) - Whitish patches on the tongue and oral cavity mucosa
  • Viral causes: Herpes simplex virus infections (Herpetic stomatitis) - Vesicular eruptions & ulcerations in the oral cavity; Coxsackievirus A infections (Herpangina, hand, foot, and mouth disease) - Fever, blisters, ulceration in the soft palate/throat, hand, feet, mouth sores

Infections of Esophagus

  • Fungal causes: Esophageal candidiasis
  • Viral causes: Herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) - Most cases occur in immunocompromised patients.

Infections of Stomach

  • Bacterial causes: Helicobacter pylori (A spiral/curved bacilli bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa.
  • Most common chronic bacterial infection worldwide, infecting over 50% of the global population. This bacterium is an etiology for various gastroduodenal diseases.

Helicobacter pylori

  • Morphology: Gram-negative, spiral, or curved bacilli; motile with multiple unipolar flagella (lophotrichous); non-capsulated, non-spore forming.
  • Cultural characteristics: Microaerophilic (requires 5% O2, 5-10% CO2, and high humidity); grows best at 37°C for 3-6 days; uses fresh blood or serum agar media; Skirrow's medium is a selective medium; colonies are translucent, pinpoint.
  • Biochemical reactions: Does not ferment sugars; oxidase positive (possesses cytochrome oxidase); catalase positive; urease positive (produces large quantities of urease)

Urease Test

  • The urease test involves culturing the organism in a medium containing urea and the indicator phenol red.
  • Urease-producing strains break down urea through hydrolysis to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide
  • Ammonia release makes the medium alkaline, causing a change in the indicator to pink-red.

Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis

  • Pathogenesis depends on colonizing the stomach mucosa.
  • Several virulence factors enable the bacterium to survive in the extreme acidic environment, reach the more neutral environment of the mucous layer, and resist the human immune response, leading to persistence.
  • Urease: Neutralizes acid, facilitates colonization, localized tissue damage.
  • Multiple unipolar flagellae: Corkscrew motility enables penetration into viscous environments (mucus)
  • Mucinase: Degrades gastric mucus, contributing to localized tissue damage
  • Adhesins & LPS: Adherence to epithelial cells
  • VacA: Forms pores and intracellular vacuoles, induces apoptosis, and breaks down tight junctions between cells.
  • CagA: Stimulates inflammatory responses (gastritis)

Transmission of H. pylori

  • Direct human-to-human transmission (oral-oral or fecal-oral routes)
  • Transmission through shared objects is possible.
  • Clustering of H. pylori infection is higher within families.
  • Transmission in childhood through close contact with the mother

Clinical Outcomes of H. pylori Infections

  • MALT Lymphoma (<1%)
  • Gastric Ulcer (10%)
  • Acute/Chronic Gastritis (100%)
  • Gastric Atrophy (5%)
  • Duodenal Ulcer
  • Gastric Cancer (1%)

Clinical Pictures

  • Mostly asymptomatic
  • Manifestations of gastritis/peptic ulcer: Epigastric dull/burning pain (heartburn), nausea, indigestion (dyspepsia), frequent burping (eructation), bloating, loss of appetite, weight loss, and dark/tarry stools or bloody vomit.

Laboratory Diagnosis

  • Non-Endoscopic Tests:
    • Serology (qualitative or quantitative IgG)
    • Urea breath test
    • Stool antigen test
  • Endoscopic Tests:
    • Histology
    • Rapid Urease Test (RUT)
    • Culture
    • PCR assay

Urea Breath Test (Non-Endoscopic)

  • 13C or 14C labeled urea is ingested.
  • Urease of H. pylori hydrolyzes the urea into labeled CO2, which is exhaled with breath.
  • The CO2 is detected by radioisotopes.

Stool Antigen Detection (Non-Endoscopic)

  • ELISA
  • Immunochromatography

Serology (Non-Endoscopic)

  • Detects H. pylori antibodies in serum.

Endoscopic Tests (Specimen Collection, Rapid Urea Test (RUT), Cultivation, Histological Assessment, PCR)

  • Biopsies are taken during endoscopy.
  • The gastric biopsy sample is placed on a medium containing urea and PH indicator.
  • Red color indicates a positive result for RUT
  • Cultivation: Skirrow's medium; 37°C for 3-6 days
  • Histology: H. pylori can be visualized with H&E stained slide.
  • PCR: for identifying the bacteria

Treatment

  • Triple drug regimen (14 days): PPI + Clarithromycin + either Amoxicillin or Metronidazole
  • Quadruple drug regimen (14 days): PPI + Bismuth salt + Tetracycline + Metronidazole

Diagnosis Summary

  • High-Risk Patient: Invasive endoscopy with gastric biopsy and culture/histology/RUT.
  • Low-Risk Patient: Non-invasive methods (Urea breath test or stool antigen).
  • Serology: Not first choice as antibodies can persist after infection.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

More Like This

Upper Limb Articulations Quiz
21 questions

Upper Limb Articulations Quiz

EffortlessGyrolite7402 avatar
EffortlessGyrolite7402
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
40 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser