Infections and Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

What best defines virulence in the context of pathogens?

  • The degree to which a microbe can cause disease (correct)
  • The method by which microbes enter a host
  • The variety of infections a microbe can cause
  • The ability of a microbe to survive outside a host

Which of the following correctly describes an opportunistic pathogen?

  • Causes disease consistently in healthy individuals
  • Only causes disease when the host's defenses are weakened (correct)
  • Is always the primary cause of an infection
  • Can cause disease in any host without compromising factors

Which of the following mechanisms of phagocytosis aids in the invasion of pathogens?

  • Producing an actin tail to move within host cells (correct)
  • Releasing exotoxins to damage host cells
  • Forming a biofilm outside the host
  • Disrupting host cell membranes directly

What is the primary difference between local and systemic infections?

<p>Systemic infections affect deeper organs and systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do collagenase and hyaluronidase contribute to a pathogen's invasive ability?

<p>They enhance the pathogen's ability to degrade host tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endotoxins from exotoxins?

<p>Endotoxins are associated with the membrane of pathogens, while exotoxins are secreted into the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary infection?

<p>Influenza in a healthy individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigenic variation in pathogens?

<p>To evade recognition by the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the final stage of pathogenesis?

<p>Exit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an infection from a disease?

<p>Infection involves the multiplication of a microbe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a collection of signs and symptoms characteristic of a disease?

<p>Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a noncommunicable disease?

<p>It is acquired from the environment and not person to person. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period in the context of disease progression?

<p>The period from the pathogen entering the host until symptoms appear. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?

<p>Ebola (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an acute disease compared to a chronic disease?

<p>Acute diseases develop quickly and resolution is also swift. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a contagious disease signify in terms of transmission?

<p>It can easily spread among susceptible individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of disease periods?

<p>Incubation period, Prodromal phase, Acute period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iatrogenic diseases are specifically related to what factor?

<p>Medical procedures or malpractice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates infectious diseases from noninfectious diseases?

<p>Infectious diseases involve direct pathogen effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathogenicity

A microbe's ability to cause disease.

Virulence

The degree of pathogenicity.

Primary Pathogen

Causes disease in a healthy host.

Opportunistic Pathogen

Causes disease only when the host is weakened.

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Portal of Entry

The route a pathogen enters the body.

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Local Infection

Infection restricted to one area.

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Exotoxin

A toxin released into the environment by a cell.

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Endotoxin

A toxin released when the cell disintegrates.

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Antigenic Variation

Changing surface proteins to evade the host's immune system.

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Phagocytosis Mechanism 1

Using an actin tail to propel the microbe through a cell and hide there.

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Infection vs Disease

Infection is a microbe multiplying in a host, while disease is a disruption from good health. They are not the same thing.

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Signs vs Symptoms

Signs are observable and measurable by a doctor (e.g., temperature, pulse), while symptoms are changes in body functions felt by the patient (e.g., headache, nausea).

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Infectious vs Noninfectious Disease

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, whereas noninfectious diseases are not.

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Communicable vs Noncommunicable Disease

Communicable diseases spread from person to person while noncommunicable diseases don't.

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Contagious

Easily spread among susceptible individuals.

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Iatrogenic Disease

A disease caused by a medical procedure.

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Nosocomial Disease

A disease acquired in a hospital setting.

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Zoonotic Disease

Disease transmitted from animals to humans.

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Acute Disease

A disease that develops quickly, peaks, and then goes away quickly.

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Chronic Disease

A disease that develops slowly and lasts for a long time.

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Study Notes

Infection vs. Disease

  • Infection: Microorganism multiplies in a host, competition between microbe and host
  • Disease: Deviation from normal healthy state
  • Not synonymous; infection doesn't always lead to disease

Signs, Symptoms, and Syndromes

  • Signs: Measurable indicators of disease (e.g., vital signs)
  • Symptoms: Changes in body function (e.g., sore throat)
  • Syndrome: Collection of signs and symptoms characteristic of a disease

Infectious vs. Noninfectious Disease

  • Infectious: Caused directly by pathogen
  • Noninfectious: Not caused by pathogen (e.g., sickle cell anemia)

Communicable vs. Noncommunicable Disease

  • Communicable: Spreads from person to person (direct or indirect)
  • Noncommunicable: Not spread from person to person (e.g., environmental toxins)

Contagious

  • Contagious: Easily spread between susceptible individuals (e.g., chickenpox)

Iatrogenic, Nosocomial, Zoonotic Diseases

  • Iatrogenic: Contracted as a result of medical procedure
  • Nosocomial: Contracted in a hospital setting
  • Zoonotic: Transmitted from animals to humans

Periods of Disease

  • Incubation: Virus enters the body (days 0-4)
  • Prodromal: Mild symptoms appear (days 4-6)
  • Acute: Severe symptoms (days 6-9)
  • Decline: Symptoms lessen (days 9-11)
  • Convalescence: Symptoms fade, recovery (days 11-13)

Disease Severity/Duration

  • Acute: Rapid onset, short duration (e.g., flu)
  • Chronic: Gradual onset, long duration (e.g., amoebiasis)

Pathogenicity and Virulence

  • Pathogenicity: Microbe's ability to cause disease
  • Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity

Primary vs. Opportunistic Pathogens

  • Primary: Cause disease in healthy individuals
  • Opportunistic: Cause disease only in compromised hosts

Stages of Pathogenesis

  • Exposure: Entry into host
  • Adhesion: Movement to infection site
  • Invasion: Evading host immune response
  • Infection: Causing damage
  • Exit: Pathogen leaves the host

Portals of Entry

  • Many ways: Eyes, nose, mouth, broken skin, insect bites, anus, urethra

Phagocytosis as Invasion Facilitator

  • Mechanism 1: Microbes use actin tails to move and hide within the cell
  • Mechanism 2: Microbes remain alive within the phagosome

Infectious Disease Classifications by Location

  • Local: Restricted to one area
  • Focal: Spreads to different site
  • Systemic: Spread throughout the body

Primary vs. Secondary Infections

  • Primary: Occurs in previously healthy individuals
  • Secondary: Occurs in individuals weakened by primary infection

Portals of Exit

  • Many ways: Eyes, nose, mouth, broken skin, insect bites, anus, urethra

Virulence Factors

  • Biofilm formation, Enzymes (coagulase, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase), Toxins

Enzymes aiding Invasion

  • Coagulase: Forms blood clots
  • Streptokinase: Dissolves fibrin clots
  • Hyaluronidase: Breaks down hyaluronic acid
  • Collagenase: Breaks down collagen

Exotoxins vs. Endotoxins

  • Exotoxins: Secreted by bacteria
  • Endotoxins: Released by bacterial cell death

Antigenic Variation

  • Antigenic variation: Alteration of surface proteins, evading host immune response (influenza example)

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Description

This quiz provides an overview of the differences between infections and diseases, highlighting key concepts such as signs, symptoms, syndromes, and the classification of diseases. Understand the distinctions between communicable and noncommunicable diseases along with their types. Test your knowledge on these critical health topics.

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