Infection Control in Healthcare
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Questions and Answers

What does 'nosocomial' mean?

  • An infection acquired during hospitalization
  • Fluid that surrounds the embryo
  • Taking place or originating in a hospital (correct)
  • An instrument for sterilizing that uses pressurized steam

    • What is a nosocomial infection?

    An infection acquired during hospitalization.

    What is the Chain of Infection?

    Source -> Portal of exit -> Means of transmission -> Portal of entry -> Susceptible host.

    What is the main purpose of housekeeping in a clinical context?

    <p>To reduce the risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are standard precautions?

    <p>Wear gloves, wash hands, and wear protective clothing when likely to be soiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an autoclave?

    <p>An instrument for sterilizing that uses pressurized steam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a local infection?

    <p>An infection affecting only one area of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a communicable disease?

    <p>A disease that is spread from person to person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are engineering controls?

    <p>Physical and mechanical devices used to reduce or eliminate the potential to transfer infectious diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is HBV (Hepatitis-B) vaccination?

    <p>3 injections given over a period of 6 months, both required and available free of charge to the phlebotomist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sharps container?

    <p>Specially-labeled, puncture-resistant containers made for the disposal of sharp items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does susceptibility to infection refer to?

    <p>How easily an individual can get infected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a susceptible host?

    <p>A vulnerable patient, medical worker, or any susceptible person outside the hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a source in the context of infection?

    <p>People, equipment, or substances that are already contaminated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a portal of exit?

    <p>Excretions, secretions, or wherever the infection passes from the source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does means of transmission refer to?

    <p>Direct contact, air, ingestion, or any means by which the source infects the susceptible host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a portal of entry?

    <p>Mucous membrane, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, broken skin, or wherever the infection enters the susceptible host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amniotic fluid?

    <p>Fluid that surrounds the embryo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pericardial fluid?

    <p>Fluid found around the heart that lubricates to reduce the friction of each heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is peritoneal fluid?

    <p>Lower abdominal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synovial fluid?

    <p>Fluid around the joints held in a cushioning sac.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pleural fluid?

    <p>Fluid found in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does edematous refer to?

    <p>Swelling (fluid build-up) of the entire body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is seminal fluid?

    <p>Fluid in which sperm travel; the fluid part of semen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Fluid found in the spine and around the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Universal precautions require to protect oneself from stool and vomitus only when blood is visible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are body fluids linked to the transmission of HIV and hepatitis?

    <p>Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, amniotic fluid, human breast milk, and wound drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of engineering controls?

    <p>Self-sheathing needles, autoclaves, and puncture-proof sharps containers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are transmission-based precautions?

    <ol> <li>Airborne, 2) Droplet, 3) Direct contact.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the transmission of a patient's disease is airborne?

    <p>Place patient in a private room and wear respiratory protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first thing to do if exposed to an accidental biohazard?

    <p>Wash exposed area with soap and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is RACE?

    <p>Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pathogen?

    <p>A microorganism that causes disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is normal isolation?

    <p>Protecting the community from the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reverse/protective isolation?

    <p>Protecting the patient from the community and healthcare workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You should never take your tray into isolation because it will contaminate equipment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is autogenous infection?

    <p>Infection caused by one's own flora from having too much of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biohazard?

    <p>Anything that is potentially hazardous to humans, living organisms, or the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a blood-borne pathogen?

    <p>A pathogen transmitted by blood and substances containing blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is category-specific isolation?

    <p>Isolation based on the category of isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is disease-specific isolation?

    <p>Isolation based on the type of disease affecting the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does personal protective equipment (PPE) consist of?

    <p>Equipment used to protect from exposure to blood and body fluids, including gloves, lab coats, facial masks, and face shields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a systemic infection?

    <p>An infection affecting the entire body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is direct contact in the context of infection transmission?

    <p>Physical transfer of infective material from the source to the susceptible host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indirect contact?

    <p>Transfer of infective material via an object, such as bed linen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is droplet transmission?

    <p>Droplets that travel 1 meter or less from the infected individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vehicle transmission refer to?

    <p>Transfer of infective material through contaminated items, such as food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is airborne transmission?

    <p>Droplets that transfer on air currents, such as tuberculosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does vector transmission mean?

    <p>Transmission by insects, such as malaria transmitted by mosquitoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important way to prevent the spread of infection?

    <p>Washing your hands before and after each patient, even when gloves are used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acceptable alternative to hand washing?

    <p>Use of antiseptics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of antiseptics are used?

    <ol> <li>70% isopropyl alcohol; 2) Iodine solution; 3) 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; 4) Benzalkonium chloride; 5) Zephrin chloride; 6) Hydrogen peroxide.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to clean and disinfect countertops?

    <p>10% household bleach solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Needle Safety Act?

    <p>All needles must be covered with a safety device immediately after use and not recapped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Engineering Control Plan?

    <p>Employers must implement safer medical devices suitable for specific circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristics should devices on the Engineering Control Plan have?

    <ol> <li>A fixed safety feature; 2) Integral safety feature; 3) Safety feature remains effective post-disposal; 4) Simple to use.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)?

    <p>Information sheets indicating the hazards of chemicals used in the laboratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hazard identification colors mean?

    <p>Blue for health hazards, red for flammability, yellow for reactivity, and white for specific/other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Class A fire extinguishers used for?

    <p>Used on Class A fires (combustible materials such as wood, plastics, and paper).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Class B fire extinguishers used for?

    <p>Used on Class B fires (flammable liquids and gases) requiring blockage of oxygen to be extinguished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Class C fire extinguishers used for?

    <p>Used on Class C fires (caused by electronics).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Class D fire extinguishers used for?

    <p>Used on Class D fires (explosive, reactive materials).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you protect from radiation on the job?

    <p>Stay away if pregnant, be aware of your surroundings, and/or wear a special apron or cover gown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do all gloves go?

    <p>In the redline bag.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three reasons to wear gloves?

    <ol> <li>Prevent transmitting microflora to patients; 2) Prevent transmission of microorganisms between patients; 3) Protect healthcare associates from infections.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nosocomial Infections

    • Nosocomial refers to conditions originating in a hospital setting.
    • Nosocomial infections are infections that a patient acquires during hospitalization.

    Chain of Infection

    • Disease transmission follows a specific pathway: Source -> Portal of exit -> Means of transmission -> Portal of entry -> Susceptible host.

    Infection Control Practices

    • Housekeeping practices are essential for decreasing the risk of blood-borne pathogen exposure, including immediate cleanup of spills and using tools to pick up sharp objects.
    • Standard precautions entail wearing gloves at all times, hand hygiene, protective attire, and proper needle disposal.
    • Engineering controls involve devices designed to minimize the risk of transferring infectious diseases.

    Vaccination and Needle Safety

    • Hepatitis B vaccination consists of three injections over six months, required and provided for free to phlebotomists.
    • Sharps containers are essential for safely disposing of needles, scalpels, and syringes.

    Susceptibility and Infection Types

    • Susceptibility to infection varies by individual factors such as existing health conditions and age.
    • Local infections remain confined to a specific body area, while systemic infections affect the entire body.

    Isolation Practices

    • Normal isolation safeguards the community from infections, while reverse isolation protects patients from external infections.
    • Category-specific isolation is based on infection type.

    Latex Allergies

    • Type 1 latex allergy is severe and life-threatening, with symptoms like respiratory distress.
    • Type 4 latex allergy involves minor irritation and occurs 24-72 hours after contact.

    Responding to Accidental Biohazards

    • Key immediate actions include washing exposed areas and reporting the incident, followed by potential testing for Hepatitis B and HIV, if necessary.

    RACE Instruction for Emergencies

    • RACE stands for Rescue, Alarm, Contain, and Extinguish for managing fire emergencies.

    Pathogens and Fluids

    • Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause diseases.
    • Various body fluids facilitate the spread of viruses like HIV and hepatitis.

    Antiseptics and Cleaning Protocols

    • Acceptable antiseptics for hand hygiene include 70% isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine gluconate.
    • A cleaning solution for surfaces should contain a 10% bleach mixture, made fresh each day.

    Fire Extinguishers and Classes of Fires

    • Different classes of fire extinguishers are used for specific types of fires:
      • Class A: Combustible materials (wood, paper).
      • Class B: Flammable liquids and gases.
      • Class C: Electrical fires.
      • Class D: Reactive metals.

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • PPE includes gloves, lab coats, masks, and shields to protect healthcare workers from exposure to infectious materials.

    Gloves Usage

    • Gloves are crucial for preventing the transfer of microorganisms between patients and protecting healthcare workers from infections.

    Hazards and Safety Protocols

    • Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provide information about chemical hazards, and hazard identification uses color codes (blue for health, red for flammability) for safety.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on nosocomial infections, the chain of infection, and effective infection control practices in a healthcare setting. This quiz also covers vaccination protocols and safe needle disposal methods, emphasizing the importance of safety measures to prevent disease transmission in hospitals.

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