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Infection Control and Prevention
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Infection Control and Prevention

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Questions and Answers

What is the first line of defense against infection and the single most important practice in preventing the spread of infection?

Hand hygiene

What is the purpose of disinfectants in infection control?

To eliminate pathogens, except spores from inanimate objects

What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?

Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores, while disinfection eliminates pathogens, except spores

What is the incubation stage of infection, and when is the client typically infectious to others?

<p>The incubation stage is the time between entry of infectious agent in the host and the onset of symptoms; the client is typically infectious to others during the latter part of this stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a germicide, and how does it differ from a disinfectant?

<p>Antiseptic preparations such as alcohol and silver sulfadiazine are germicides; germicides can be applied to both animate and inanimate objects, while disinfectants are only applied to inanimate objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is autoclaving, and why is it commonly used in hospital settings?

<p>Autoclaving is a sterilization technique that uses moist heat or steam; it is commonly used in hospital settings because it is effective and efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal protective equipment (PPE) should healthcare professionals wear during cleansing, and why?

<p>Gloves, masks, and goggles; to prevent transmission of infection and protect themselves from exposure to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of understanding the incubation period of an infection, and how does it relate to infection control?

<p>Understanding the incubation period helps identify when the client is contagious and informs infection control measures; it enables healthcare professionals to take targeted actions to prevent transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ventilation is recommended when dealing with a client with TB?

<p>(-) pressure ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mask should be worn when entering the room of a client with TB?

<p>A special approved particulate filter mask (N95)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of limiting visitors and caretakers when dealing with a client with chickenpox or measles?

<p>To prevent the spread of infection to those who are not immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between droplet precautions and contact precautions?

<p>Droplet precautions require a private room or cohorting, while contact precautions require a private room, gloves, and a gown</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of wearing gloves when entering a client's room under contact precautions?

<p>To prevent the healthcare worker from carrying the infection on their hands to other clients or surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of quarantine in infection control?

<p>To limit the freedom of movement of persons or animals who have been exposed to a communicable disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between isolation and quarantine?

<p>Isolation separates infected individuals from others to prevent transmission, while quarantine separates those who have been exposed from others to prevent potential transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of limiting client transport from the room under droplet precautions?

<p>To prevent the spread of infection to other clients and healthcare workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of killing animal forms using gaseous agents called?

<p>FUMIGATION</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the state of being free from infection?

<p>ASEPSIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of organizing epidemiology data according to time, person, and place?

<p>To analyze the data and detect the cause of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period during which the reported number of cases of a disease exceeds the expected number?

<p>Epidemic Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the seasonal variation in disease incidence due to changes in exposure to the source of infection?

<p>Seasonal Variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recording disease cases over a period of consecutive years?

<p>To predict the probable future incidence of the disease and plan appropriate prevention and control programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the characteristics of the individual who were exposed and contracted the infection or disease refer to?

<p>Persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for any physical or chemical process to destroy undesired animal forms present in the person, clothing, or environment?

<p>DISINFECTION</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different levels of organization involved in the operational procedure during a disease outbreak?

<p>National, Regional, Provincial/city, and Municipal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of epidemiological investigation during a disease outbreak?

<p>To identify the source and cause of the outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of specimens are typically collected during a disease outbreak?

<p>Rectal swabs, vomitus, feces, blood, and other secretions and excretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immunization campaigns during a disease outbreak?

<p>To prevent further transmission of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of environmental sanitation during a disease outbreak?

<p>Water treatment, toilet construction, and proper waste disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of health education during a disease outbreak?

<p>To educate individuals and communities on disease prevention and control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of reports are generated during a disease outbreak?

<p>Telegraphic, written, preliminary, progressive, and final reports</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of involving other agencies during a disease outbreak?

<p>To leverage resources and expertise to support the response effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two ways to describe a person in the context of epidemiology?

<p>Inherent characteristics (e.g. age, race, sex) and acquired characteristics (e.g. immune status, marital status)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the features or factors that exist in the environment where the disease occurred?

<p>Place</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease occurrence is characterized by a continuous presence of the usual number of cases in a given locality over time?

<p>Endemic occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an unusually large number of cases of a disease in a relatively short period of time?

<p>Epidemic occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries?

<p>Pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps in establishing the fact of an epidemic?

<p>Verify diagnosis, Reporting, and Determine if there is an unusual prevalence of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of an epidemiological investigation?

<p>To establish the fact of an epidemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the patterns of disease occurrence and distribution in a community?

<p>It allows for the recognition of distinct patterns, such as sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic occurrences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infection Control

  • Hand Hygiene: First line of defense against infection and the single most important practice in preventing the spread of infection
  • Types of Control Measures:
    • Disinfection: Elimination of pathogens, except spores, from inanimate objects
    • Disinfectants: Chemical solutions used to clean inanimate objects (e.g. alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, quartenary ammonium, phenolic solutions, glutaraldehyde)
    • Germicide: Chemical that can be applied to both animate and inanimate objects to eliminate pathogens (e.g. antiseptic preparations like alcohol and silver sulfadiazine)
    • Sterilization: Destruction of all microorganisms, including spores, from equipment that comes into contact with sterile tissue or blood vessels (e.g. autoclaving using moist heat or steam)

Stages of Infection

  • Incubation Stage: Time between entry of infectious agent into the host and onset of symptoms, during which the infectious agent invades tissue and multiplies to produce an infection
    • Client is typically infectious to others during the latter part of this stage
    • Incubation period varies by disease (e.g. 2-3 weeks for varicella, contagious from 5 days before to 6 days after skin eruptions)

Control Measures for Specific Infections

  • TB:
    • Use negative pressure ventilation in the room
    • Keep the door closed
    • Wear a special approved particulate filter mask (N95) when entering the room
    • Limit visitors and caretakers to those already immune
  • Chickenpox or Measles:
    • Place client in room; mask client if transport is necessary
    • Limit visitors and caretakers to those already immune
  • Droplet Precaution:
    • Place client in private room or with client with the same infection
    • Keep 3 feet or more between the infected client and other clients
    • Limit transport of the client from the room; mask the client if possible
  • Contact Precaution:
    • Place client in private room
    • Wear gloves, gown, and mask when entering the room
    • Limit transport of the client from the room; remove gown and wash hands before leaving the room

Isolation, Quarantine, and Fumigation

  • Isolation: Separation of infected individuals from others during the period of communicability to prevent direct and indirect transmission of the infectious agent
  • Quarantine: Limitation of freedom of movement of persons or animals who have been exposed to a communicable disease for a period equal to the longest usual incubation period of the disease
  • Fumigation: Process of killing animal forms using gaseous agents

Disease Distribution

  • Time:
    • Refers to both the period during which cases of the disease were exposed to the source of infection and the period during which the illness occurred
    • Epidemic period: a period during which the reported number of cases of a disease exceeds the expected or usual number for that period
  • Person:
    • Refers to the characteristics of the individual who were exposed and who contracted the infection or disease
    • Can be described in terms of inherent or acquired characteristics (e.g. age, race, sex, immune status, marital status) and the circumstances under which they live (social, economic, and environmental conditions)
  • Place:
    • Refers to the features, factors, or conditions that existed in or described the environment in which the disease occurred
    • Can be described in terms of street, address, city, municipality, province, region, or country

Patterns of Occurrence and Distribution

  • Sporadic Occurrence: Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and unrelated cases in a given locality
  • Endemic Occurrence: Continuous occurrence of a disease in a given locality, with a usual number of cases
  • Epidemic Occurrence: Unusually large number of cases in a relatively short period of time
  • Pandemic: Simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries

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Learn how to control the spread of infection, standard control measures of CDC, and measures to take in case of an outbreak. Understand the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of infection.

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