Questions and Answers
What is the first line of defense against infection and the single most important practice in preventing the spread of infection?
Hand hygiene
What is the purpose of disinfectants in infection control?
To eliminate pathogens, except spores from inanimate objects
What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?
Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores, while disinfection eliminates pathogens, except spores
What is the incubation stage of infection, and when is the client typically infectious to others?
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What is an example of a germicide, and how does it differ from a disinfectant?
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What is autoclaving, and why is it commonly used in hospital settings?
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What personal protective equipment (PPE) should healthcare professionals wear during cleansing, and why?
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What is the importance of understanding the incubation period of an infection, and how does it relate to infection control?
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What type of ventilation is recommended when dealing with a client with TB?
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What type of mask should be worn when entering the room of a client with TB?
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What is the purpose of limiting visitors and caretakers when dealing with a client with chickenpox or measles?
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What is the difference between droplet precautions and contact precautions?
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What is the purpose of wearing gloves when entering a client's room under contact precautions?
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What is the purpose of quarantine in infection control?
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What is the difference between isolation and quarantine?
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What is the purpose of limiting client transport from the room under droplet precautions?
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What is the process of killing animal forms using gaseous agents called?
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What term refers to the state of being free from infection?
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What is the purpose of organizing epidemiology data according to time, person, and place?
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What is the term for the period during which the reported number of cases of a disease exceeds the expected number?
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What is the term for the seasonal variation in disease incidence due to changes in exposure to the source of infection?
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What is the purpose of recording disease cases over a period of consecutive years?
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What do the characteristics of the individual who were exposed and contracted the infection or disease refer to?
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What is the term for any physical or chemical process to destroy undesired animal forms present in the person, clothing, or environment?
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What are the different levels of organization involved in the operational procedure during a disease outbreak?
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What is the primary purpose of epidemiological investigation during a disease outbreak?
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What types of specimens are typically collected during a disease outbreak?
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What is the purpose of immunization campaigns during a disease outbreak?
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What are the key components of environmental sanitation during a disease outbreak?
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What is the purpose of health education during a disease outbreak?
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What types of reports are generated during a disease outbreak?
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What is the purpose of involving other agencies during a disease outbreak?
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What are the two ways to describe a person in the context of epidemiology?
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What is referred to as the features or factors that exist in the environment where the disease occurred?
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What type of disease occurrence is characterized by a continuous presence of the usual number of cases in a given locality over time?
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What is the term for an unusually large number of cases of a disease in a relatively short period of time?
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What is the simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries?
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What are the three steps in establishing the fact of an epidemic?
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What is the primary goal of an epidemiological investigation?
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What is the significance of understanding the patterns of disease occurrence and distribution in a community?
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Study Notes
Infection Control
- Hand Hygiene: First line of defense against infection and the single most important practice in preventing the spread of infection
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Types of Control Measures:
- Disinfection: Elimination of pathogens, except spores, from inanimate objects
- Disinfectants: Chemical solutions used to clean inanimate objects (e.g. alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, quartenary ammonium, phenolic solutions, glutaraldehyde)
- Germicide: Chemical that can be applied to both animate and inanimate objects to eliminate pathogens (e.g. antiseptic preparations like alcohol and silver sulfadiazine)
- Sterilization: Destruction of all microorganisms, including spores, from equipment that comes into contact with sterile tissue or blood vessels (e.g. autoclaving using moist heat or steam)
Stages of Infection
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Incubation Stage: Time between entry of infectious agent into the host and onset of symptoms, during which the infectious agent invades tissue and multiplies to produce an infection
- Client is typically infectious to others during the latter part of this stage
- Incubation period varies by disease (e.g. 2-3 weeks for varicella, contagious from 5 days before to 6 days after skin eruptions)
Control Measures for Specific Infections
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TB:
- Use negative pressure ventilation in the room
- Keep the door closed
- Wear a special approved particulate filter mask (N95) when entering the room
- Limit visitors and caretakers to those already immune
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Chickenpox or Measles:
- Place client in room; mask client if transport is necessary
- Limit visitors and caretakers to those already immune
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Droplet Precaution:
- Place client in private room or with client with the same infection
- Keep 3 feet or more between the infected client and other clients
- Limit transport of the client from the room; mask the client if possible
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Contact Precaution:
- Place client in private room
- Wear gloves, gown, and mask when entering the room
- Limit transport of the client from the room; remove gown and wash hands before leaving the room
Isolation, Quarantine, and Fumigation
- Isolation: Separation of infected individuals from others during the period of communicability to prevent direct and indirect transmission of the infectious agent
- Quarantine: Limitation of freedom of movement of persons or animals who have been exposed to a communicable disease for a period equal to the longest usual incubation period of the disease
- Fumigation: Process of killing animal forms using gaseous agents
Disease Distribution
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Time:
- Refers to both the period during which cases of the disease were exposed to the source of infection and the period during which the illness occurred
- Epidemic period: a period during which the reported number of cases of a disease exceeds the expected or usual number for that period
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Person:
- Refers to the characteristics of the individual who were exposed and who contracted the infection or disease
- Can be described in terms of inherent or acquired characteristics (e.g. age, race, sex, immune status, marital status) and the circumstances under which they live (social, economic, and environmental conditions)
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Place:
- Refers to the features, factors, or conditions that existed in or described the environment in which the disease occurred
- Can be described in terms of street, address, city, municipality, province, region, or country
Patterns of Occurrence and Distribution
- Sporadic Occurrence: Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and unrelated cases in a given locality
- Endemic Occurrence: Continuous occurrence of a disease in a given locality, with a usual number of cases
- Epidemic Occurrence: Unusually large number of cases in a relatively short period of time
- Pandemic: Simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries
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Description
Learn how to control the spread of infection, standard control measures of CDC, and measures to take in case of an outbreak. Understand the importance of hand hygiene in preventing the spread of infection.