Infection and Immunity Quiz

The ability of a pathogen to cause harm to a host.

The body's ability to resist infection or reduce harm caused by pathogens.

The time between the moment a pathogen enters a host and when symptoms appear.

An infection that affects only one specific part of the body.

An infection that affects the entire body.

Diseases that can spread from an infected person to another.

Practices aimed at reducing the spread of infections, like using hand sanitizers and cleaning surfaces.

Substances used to kill microorganisms on surfaces.

An infection that runs a rapid and severe course and then ends abruptly.

An infection that lasts for a long period of time – from weeks to several years.

An infection that has no apparent symptoms.

An infection that results from more than one organism.

An infection that is contracted in a hospital or other health-care facility.

The first-occurring infection within a period of illness.

A subsequent infection or complication to an existing condition.

The period of time during which a host exhibits symptoms of a disease.

The resolution of a disease, resulting in a host's recovery or death.

Openings in the body that allow pathogens to enter.

Openings in the body that allow pathogens to exit.

The transmission of a pathogen from an infected host's portals of exit to a second host's portals of entry.

A person who carries a pathogen without showing symptoms.

A waxy substance produced in the ear canal that helps prevent infections by trapping pathogens.

These are beneficial microorganisms that live on our skin and in our bodies, competing with harmful invaders to prevent infections.

Small hair-like structures that line certain body passages, such as the respiratory tract, which help to move mucus and trap foreign particles.

Enzymes found in tears and saliva that break down bacterial cell walls, limiting their growth.

The stomach and intestines have acidic and digestive fluids that kill or inhibit the growth of many harmful bacteria.

The process by which liquids like saliva, tears, and urine flush out pathogens, removing them from the body.

These are involuntary reflexes, like coughing, sneezing, and vomiting, that help expel substances that could carry harmful pathogens.

The study of how the immune system recognizes, attacks, and remembers pathogens to fight infection.

A type of immunity based on the genetic makeup of an individual, not on the production of antibodies.

Long-lasting immunity obtained after a person contracts a disease and their body produces antibodies and memory cells to fight that specific pathogen.

Long-lasting immunity developed when a person receives a vaccine that triggers the immune system to create antibodies and memory cells against a specific pathogen without causing the disease.

Temporary immunity obtained when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or through breast milk.

Temporary immunity acquired when an injection of antibodies, called immune serum, is given to a person.

A process in which cells release chemicals called interferons that interfere with a virus's ability to reproduce inside healthy cells.

The process by which a cell engulfs and destroys foreign material, such as bacteria or viruses.

A process in which components of blood and lymph analyze captured pathogens to trigger immune reactions.

A type of lymphocyte formed in the fetal thymus gland or bone marrow, passing through the thymus to lymph nodes and spleen.

A type of lymphocyte formed in the fetal bone marrow, moving directly to lymph nodes and spleen.

Helper T cells search for phagocytes that have engulfed pathogens and examine the captured pathogen's antigens. They may also present the foreign antigen to B cells.

These cells are produced when helper T cells divide rapidly after being sensitized to a pathogen. They include memory, cytotoxic, and suppressor T cells.

They retain the imprint of a specific pathogen's antigen, preparing the immune system for future invasions.

These cells target and rupture the cell membranes of infected cells, preventing the pathogen from multiplying. They release chemicals called cytokines.

They suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen is neutralized, preventing overreaction.

These cells reside in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, waiting to be activated by their target pathogen's antigen

These cells are activated by antigens and then divide into memory B cells and plasma cells.

They remember the antigen and contribute to a swift immune response against subsequent invasions by the same pathogen.

These cells produce antibodies specifically designed to target a particular pathogen's antigen, marking those cells for destruction by phagocytes.

This type of immunity relies on memory T cells to recognize and attack pathogens.

This type of immunity relies on the production of antibodies that recognize and neutralize pathogens.

The stages of this type of immunity involve sensitization, cloning, antibody production, macrophage response, and the complement cascade.

These stages include constriction, dilation, exudation, and barrier formation.

This type of vaccine contains nonpathogenic organisms of the same genus but a different species or subspecies that is not harmful.

A type of vaccine that contains weakened or inactive toxins produced by a pathogen.

An exaggerated response of the immune system to a foreign substance, often harmless.

A hypersensitive response to relatively harmless substances, like peanuts or insect venom.

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

A type of hypersensitive response that happens immediately after exposure to an allergen.

A type of hypersensitive response that takes longer to develop, usually hours or days after exposure to an allergen.

A type of hypersensitive response where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

A type of hypersensitive response where the immune system rejects foreign tissues or organs, like in organ transplants.

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on living tissues.

A type of antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria.

A type of antibiotic that is effective against a limited range of bacteria.

The process of completely eliminating all microorganisms from an object or surface.

A heat treatment process used to kill harmful microorganisms in liquids like milk.

The time between when an antimicrobial treatment is started and when it becomes effective.