Infection and Immunity Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the ability of a host to avoid infection and reduce harm from an infecting organism?

  • Virulence
  • Pathogenicity
  • Immunity
  • Resistance (correct)

    • Which term describes the observable symptoms caused by an infection in a host?

  • Pathogen Reaction
  • Asymptomatic Response
  • Incubation Period
  • Clinical Manifestation (correct)

    • What method can be used to reduce the spread of infections?

  • Increased use of antibiotics
  • Avoiding vaccinations
  • Wearing non-sterile gloves
  • Frequent handwashing (correct)

    • An infection limited to only one organ or site in a host’s body is referred to as what type of infection?

    <p>Localized Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period in the context of infection?

    <p>Time taken for symptoms to appear after infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines virulence?

    <p>The severity of disease caused by a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Communicable diseases are infections that can be spread how?

    <p>From one human host to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of infection aside from observable symptoms?

    <p>Complete asymptomatic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine contains toxins or toxoids of a pathogen?

    <p>Toxoid vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can result from a hypersensitive response to insect venom?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isoimmunity is primarily responsible for which of the following?

    <p>Transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for the spread of nosocomial infections?

    <p>Exposure to body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of antimicrobial control methods includes using UV light?

    <p>Radiation methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the effectiveness of an antimicrobial procedure?

    <p>Patient’s diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is a physical method used to control microbial growth?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using antiseptics?

    <p>To kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotics would best be used against a specific pathogen?

    <p>Narrow-spectrum antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a factor that contributes to the spread of nosocomial infections?

    <p>High caregiver's patient load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious organism is commonly associated with post-operative infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthcare facilities, which type of isolation is used primarily to protect immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Protective isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended guideline in surgical suites to minimize the spread of infection?

    <p>Wash hands after gloves are removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity response occurs after a prolonged period?

    <p>Delayed hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection lasts for a prolonged period, ranging from weeks to several years?

    <p>Chronic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is contracted in a hospital or healthcare facility?

    <p>Nosocomial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an infection without apparent symptoms?

    <p>Latent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the initial period between the entrance of an infection and the appearance of symptoms?

    <p>Incubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection results from more than one organism?

    <p>Mixed infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical portal through which pathogens enter the body?

    <p>Natural body openings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a disease that follows an initial infection as a complication?

    <p>Secondary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bodily secretion plays a role in preventing pathogen colonization in mouths?

    <p>Saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the body's normal flora in preventing infections?

    <p>Competing with invading pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zoonosis refers to diseases that are transmitted to humans from which source?

    <p>Animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the body's mechanisms to raise skin acidity and cleanse pores?

    <p>Perspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor measures the success of an organism upon entering a host's body?

    <p>Invasiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the resolution phase of a disease, leading to recovery or death?

    <p>Convalescence or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a common portal of exit for pathogens?

    <p>Sweat pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cerumen in the ear canal?

    <p>Provides a coating to prevent pathogen contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune mechanism involves the competition of normal flora with invading microorganisms?

    <p>Normal flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lysozymes play in the body's defense?

    <p>Inhibit bacterial growth in secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is gained after contracting a disease?

    <p>Naturally acquired active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is artificially acquired passive immunity provided?

    <p>Via an immune serum injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of phagocytosis in the immune response?

    <p>It engulfs and digests foreign material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cell is primarily involved in the initial response to inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferon in the immune response?

    <p>Interferes with viral reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the engulfment stage of phagocytosis?

    <p>The pathogen is completely surrounded by the phagocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of eosinophils in the immune system?

    <p>Neutralizing toxins from pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the interferon response directly prevents the virus from multiplying?

    <p>Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do digestive fluids play in the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>Inhibit bacterial growth in the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genetic immunity rely on?

    <p>Inherited genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>Chemically rupture the cell membrane of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the lag phase in the antibody-production cycle?

    <p>Primary-response phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do suppressor T cells play in the immune response?

    <p>They suppress immune response after a foreign antigen is destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes activated B cells from inactive B cells?

    <p>Activated B cells produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the exudation stage in the inflammatory reaction?

    <p>To cause swelling in the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine contains live, weakened forms of the target pathogen?

    <p>Attenuated living pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humoral-mediated immunity, what is the role of antibodies?

    <p>They tag pathogens for destruction by phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the sensitization stage of cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>T cells recognize and bind to a foreign antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of memory B cells after initial exposure to an antigen?

    <p>They store the imprint of the antigen for future responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a stage of phagocytosis?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>It involves helper T cells and memory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about helper T cells is true?

    <p>They present foreign antigens to B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of macrophages in the immune response?

    <p>To release cytokines that attract other immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infection, Immunology, and Sanitation

    • Infection: Invasion of the body by organisms and the body's reaction to their presence and toxins. It's the presence and multiplication of an organism causing harm or disease to a host.
    • Virulence: The ability of an infecting organism to harm a host.
    • Resistance: The ability of a host to avoid infection and reduce harm from infecting organisms.
    • Symptoms: Infections may or may not cause observable symptoms.
    • Incubation Period: The time between infection and symptom appearance.
    • Localized Infection: Limited to one organ or site.
    • Systemic Infection: Spreads throughout the body.
    • Acute Infection: Rapid, severe, and short-lived.
    • Chronic Infection: Lasting for weeks to years.
    • Latent Infection: No apparent symptoms.
    • Mixed Infection: Caused by multiple organisms.
    • Nosocomial Infection: Contracted in a healthcare facility.
    • Primary Disease: The initial infection in a period of illness.
    • Secondary Disease: A subsequent infection or complication from the primary disease.
    • Phases of Disease: Incubation, illness, convalescence/death
    • Portals of Entry/Exit: Openings in the body where pathogens enter (e.g., breaks in skin, nose, mouth) and leave (e.g., nose, mouth, lesions). Disease spreading from exit to entry.
    • Carriers: Hosts who have recovered or are asymptomatic but still transmit the disease.
    • Zoonosis: Infections spread from animals to humans.
    • Sources of Pathogens:
    • Living hosts
    • Inanimate objects/materials (contaminated food/water, fomites)
    • Normal flora (resident bacteria on/in the body)
    • Pathogens in soil/surfaces/contaminated foods.
    • Factors Affecting Pathogen Virulence:
    • Ability to infect (despite host resistance)
    • Invasiveness (ability to enter the host)
    • Toxigenicity (toxin production strength/amount)
    • Physical Barriers to Infection:
    • Perspiration, tears, saliva
    • Vaginal secretions, mucus, cerumen
    • Normal flora, ciliated membranes
    • Lysozymes, digestive fluids, flushing actions
    • Protective reflexes
    • Immunology: Study of the body's resistance to infection.
    • Types of Immunity:
    • Genetic/innate
    • Naturally acquired active
    • Artificially acquired active
    • Naturally acquired passive
    • Artificially acquired passive
    • Defense Mechanisms:
    • Interferon response (chemical attack on virus by infected cells)
    • Phagocytosis (engulfment by cells)
    • Serum-protein response (blood/lymph analyze pathogens to develop immunity)
    • Inflammatory reaction (tissue traps pathogens)
    • White Blood Cells:
    • Neutrophils (initial responders, phagocytosis)
    • Lymphocytes (T cells/B cells, recognize/mark/remember pathogens)
    • Monocytes (become macrophages, phagocytosis)
    • Eosinophils (neutralize toxins)
    • Basophils (inflammatory response, allow capillary penetration)
    • Stages of Interferon Response: Invasion, Synthesis, Release, Interference, Phagocytosis
    • Stages of Phagocytosis: Invagination, Engulfment, Vacuole Formation, Fusing, Release
    • T cells/B cells:
    • Helper T cells (recognize pathogen antigens, present to B cells)
    • Memory T cells (store imprint of pathogen antigens)
    • Cytotoxic T cells (rupture infected cells)
    • Suppressor T cells (suppress immune response)
    • Inactive B cells (until exposed to target pathogen antigen)
    • Activated B cells (memory B cells/plasma cells)
    • Memory B cells (remember antigen)
    • Plasma cells (produce antibodies specific to pathogen)
    • Types of Immunity Development: Cell-mediated, Humoral-mediated (antibody-mediated)
    • Stages of Cell-Mediated Immunity: Sensitization, Cloning, Pathogen Binding, Cytokine Release, Macrophage Response, Suppression
    • Stages of Humoral-mediated Immunity: Sensitization, Cloning, Antibody Production, Macrophage Response, Complement Cascade
    • Antibody Production Cycle Phases: Lag phase, Primary response, Secondary response
    • Inflammatory Reaction Stages: Constriction, Dilation, Exudation, Barrier Formation
    • Types of Vaccines:
    • Nonpathogenic strain
    • Closely related microorganism
    • Attenuated living pathogen
    • Killed pathogen
    • Extract of pathogen
    • Toxoid
    • Hypersensitive Response: Excessive immune response to a foreign substance. Allergic reactions. Can result in anaphylactic shock.
    • Types of Hypersensitive Responses: Immediate, Delayed, Autoimmunity, Isoimmunity
    • Methods to Control Microorganisms:
    • Antiseptic, disinfectant, sterilization, pasteurization
    • Public health, food preservation, sterile product production, research
    • Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Procedure Effectiveness:
    • Time of treatment, temperature, concentration, microbe type/number/defense
    • Antimicrobial Control Methods: Physical (barrier, heat, cold, drying, radiation, ultrasound, filtration) and Chemical (antiseptic, disinfectant, sterilant).
    • Factors Contributing to Nosocomial Infections: Improper hand-washing, antibiotic use, false security, type of surgery/care, caregiver load, facility staffing, immunosuppressive agents
    • Organisms Causing Nosocomial Infections: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium species, HIV, Hepatitis, HPV
    • Types of Patient Isolation: Total, Protective, Enteric, Wound/skin, Respiratory, Blood/body fluids
    • Precautions in Surgical Suites: Handwashing, PPE use (goggles, masks, gloves), sharps disposal, needle recapping avoidance, sterilization of tools.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts related to infections and immunity. This quiz covers terms such as virulence, types of infections, and methods to control the spread of diseases. Perfect for students studying microbiology or health sciences.

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