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Questions and Answers
What is the normal range of mid arm circumference in children from 1-5 years old?
What is the normal range of mid arm circumference in children from 1-5 years old?
What is the average respiratory rate in infants?
What is the average respiratory rate in infants?
At what age can an infant sit without support?
At what age can an infant sit without support?
What is the average pulse rate in infants?
What is the average pulse rate in infants?
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At what age can an infant stand with support?
At what age can an infant stand with support?
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What is the term for an infant's ability to respond to sounds by blinking?
What is the term for an infant's ability to respond to sounds by blinking?
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At what age can an infant bring objects to their mouth?
At what age can an infant bring objects to their mouth?
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What is the term for an infant's ability to recognize their mother?
What is the term for an infant's ability to recognize their mother?
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At what age can an infant say 2-3 words?
At what age can an infant say 2-3 words?
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What is the term for an infant's ability to hold a cup to drink?
What is the term for an infant's ability to hold a cup to drink?
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Study Notes
Socialization and Vocalization
- Infants make throaty sounds and show interest in human faces
Cognitive and Emotional Development
- Infants develop reflexively, responding to external stimuli without meaning
- According to Erikson, infants develop a sense of trust vs. mistrust from birth to 1 year
- According to Freud, infants are in the oral stage from birth to 1 year
- According to Piaget, infants are in the sensorimotor period from birth to 2 years
Physical Growth
- Growth of head:
- Posterior fontanel closes at 2 months
- Anterior fontanel closes at 1-2 years
- Head circumference increases by 2 cm by the end of the first month
- Average head circumference at birth: 33-35 cm
- Average head circumference at 5 years: 50 cm
- Growth of chest and abdomen:
- Chest and abdomen circumference are equal at the end of the first year
- Abdomen is prominent in infants and young children
- Growth in length:
- Neck and extremities are relatively short
- Head is relatively large
- Infant gains 2 cm/month in length during the first 6 months
- Infant gains 1.5 cm/month in length during the second 6 months
- Gain in weight:
- Average birth weight: 3.5 kg
- Weight doubles between 4th and 5th months
- Weight triples by the end of the first year
- Infant gains 3/4 kg/month in weight during the first 4 months
- Infant gains 1/2 kg/month in weight during the second 4 months
- Infant gains 1/4 kg/month in weight during the last 4 months
- Chest circumference:
- At birth, head circumference is 2 cm larger than chest circumference
- Between 1 and 2 years, both are equal
- After 2 years, chest circumference is larger than head circumference
Development of Newborn
- Physical growth:
- Weight: 2.7-4 kg at birth, loses 5-10% of weight by 3-5 days, and gains birth weight by 10th day
- Height: Average boy's height is 50 cm, average girl's height is 49 cm
- Head circumference: 33-35 cm
- Physiological growth:
- Temperature: 36.4-37.4°C
- Pulse: 120-150 beats/minute
- Respiration: 35-50 breaths/minute
- Development:
- Gross motor: lies flexed with knees under abdomen in prone position
- Fine motor: hands are closed most of the time, keeps hands fisted
Development of Infant
- Age and growth motor development:
- 1 month: raises head momentarily
- 2 months: raises chin off couch when prone
- 3 months: head supported, can hold a rattle if placed in hand
- 4 months: sits with support, brings hands together
- 6 months: sits without support, reaches objects and brings them to mouth
- 9 months: stands with support, can use thumb and finger to pick cube
- 12 months: stands freely, throws objects, walks with one hand held, holds cup to drink
- Cognitive and language development:
- 1 month: vocalizes (not crying)
- 2 months: is interested in environment
- 3 months: aware of strange situations
- 4 months: recognizes bottle and is more interested in mother
- 6 months: recognizes mother and chews
- 7 months: indiscriminate Da-Da, M-m
- 9 months: imitates speech sounds
- 12 months: says 2-3 words, understands several words
Causes of Delayed Development
- Delayed smiling:
- Lack of stimulation
- Mental subnormality
- Blindness
- Autism
- Delayed sitting and walking:
- Familial features
- Rickets
- Mental subnormality
- Cerebral palsy
- Poliomyelitis
- Muscular dystrophy
- Emotional deprivation
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Description
This quiz covers the physical, cognitive, and emotional development stages of infants from birth to 1 year, including milestones and theoretical frameworks by Erikson, Freud, and Piaget.
