5

Infants

• Weaning involves introducing an infant to a cup, typically around 5-6 months old.
• Toilet training should be delayed until the infant is 18 months old.
• Infants typically have urinary elimination 6-12 times per day during the first few months.
• Tummy time helps prevent the flattening of the head caused by sleeping in a supine position.
• Infants can differentiate the odor of their mother's milk from others at 2 weeks old.
• Salivation starts at 3 months old
• Cooing usually begins around 2 months old.
• Babbling typically starts at 6 months old.
• Infants say single words by 12 months old
• Infants differentiate themselves in mirror at 4 months old.
• Immunization is scheduled for children at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months.

Maternal Mental Health

• 1/5 of mothers experience anxiety or depression.
• Women are at a heightened risk of developing a mental illness within the first year after childbirth.
• 20-80% of mothers experience anxiety known as "baby blues."

Toddlers

• 2-year-olds typically use 2-word sentences.
• 3-year-olds typically use 3-word sentences.
• At 2 years old, a child knows 50 words; at 3 years old, they know 1000 words.
• At 1 1/2 years, children follow simple verbal instructions, identify three body parts, point to what they want, and recognize five simple pictures.
• 2-year-olds can identify five body parts, point to ten pictures, and obey simple commands.
• 2 1/2-year-olds can point to 15 pictures and obey 2-3 simple commands.
• Toddlers need 12-14 hours of sleep, usually with one nap per day, and a consistent sleep schedule to manage night terrors and nightmares.
• Toddlers should have three meals and two snacks per day
• Vaccines are given at 12 and 18 months.

Pre Natal Care

• Thalidomide is considered the biggest man-made medical mistake.

Fetal Development

• The germinal stage lasts approximately 10 days to 2 weeks after fertilization.
• The embryonic stage occurs from 2-8 weeks and involves rapid growth and the development of body and organ systems.
• The fetal stage occurs from 8 weeks until birth, characterized by rapid growth and changes, with different body parts growing at varying rates.

Duration of Pregnancy

• A full-term pregnancy lasts 9 solar months or 10 lunar months, equivalent to 40 weeks and divided into 3 trimesters.
• Trimester 1 spans from weeks 1-12.
• Trimester 2 spans from weeks 13-28.
• Trimester 3 spans from weeks 29-40.
• At 25-28 weeks, the fetus may jump due to loud sounds.
• At 29-32 weeks, the fetus may exhibit thumb sucking behavior.

Recommended Weight Gain During Pregnancy

• Healthy women should aim for a weight gain of 25-35 lbs.
• Underweight women should aim for a weight gain of 28-40 lbs.
• Overweight women should aim for a weight gain of 15-25 lbs.
• Obese women should aim for a weight gain of 11-20 lbs.
• Obese women may experience complications during pregnancy affecting both mother and baby.

Labor and Birth Stages

• The dilation stage involves the onset of labor and progresses through three stages of cervix dilation.
• The pushing stage occurs from complete dilation of the cervix to the birth of the baby.
• The placental stage involves the birth and delivery of the placenta.
• The recovery stage spans the first 4 hours after childbirth.

Nutritional Needs for Pregnant Women

• A pregnant woman needs a well-balanced diet
• Drink 8-10 glasses of water per day
• Consume 70g of protein daily.
• Pregnant women should consume 30g of iron and 400mcg of folic acid daily.
• Consume an additional 300 calories per day

Activity and Exercise

• Fetal kicks typically occur around 16 weeks of gestation.
• Pregnant women should engage in at least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise per day.