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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of a columnar database?

  • It supports a fixed schema for all rows.
  • Data can be stored in a flexible schema. (correct)
  • Data is stored in rows only.
  • It always requires indexing for speed.

In a graph database, what does a node represent?

  • A data type constraint.
  • A relationship to another node.
  • An entity that can contain properties. (correct)
  • A data record from a table.

Which of the following databases is NOT an example of a columnar database?

  • MySQL (correct)
  • Amazon SimpleDB
  • HBase
  • Cassandra

What aspect of NoSQL databases might encourage their usage?

<p>Need for high data availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of using a relational database?

<p>Consistency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a key-value database?

<p>Uses a simple hash table for data storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically used to describe the connection between two nodes in a graph database?

<p>Relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Redis primarily differ from traditional disk-based databases?

<p>It performs in-memory operations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might columnar databases be less optimal for insert operations?

<p>Performance metrics for writes are typically lower. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of NoSQL databases?

<p>They simplify data models for better generalizability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does data compression benefit a columnar database?

<p>Optimizes storage efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of using Redis as a key-value database?

<p>Multiple data structures for efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is commonly associated with graph algorithms?

<p>Traversal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature does a document database offer compared to a relational database?

<p>Storage of heterogeneous metadata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is NOT typically associated with a key-value store like Redis?

<p>Performing complex queries with joins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary challenge does a traditional relational database face in big data environments?

<p>Scalability and partitioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the indexing method used in MongoDB?

<p>Indexes in MongoDB can contain multiple keys for optimization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of MongoDB regarding transactions?

<p>MongoDB is not suitable for heavy and complex transaction systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In MongoDB, which of the following is the correct method to delete a specific document matching a criterion?

<p>db.collection_name.remove() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does MongoDB handle data partitioning?

<p>Data is distributed through automated range-based partitioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the default behavior when inserting a document in MongoDB if the '_id' field is omitted?

<p>MongoDB generates a unique key for the document. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the data structure used in MongoDB as opposed to traditional relational databases?

<p>MongoDB organizes data into collections and documents instead of rows and columns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the '_id' field in MongoDB?

<p>It serves as a primary key for document identification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations can be performed through the MongoDB API?

<p>Performing atomic updates and consistent reads. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of database is characterized by no relation schema and is often used to store data in JSON, BSON, or XML documents?

<p>Document Database (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a potential reason not to migrate from SQL to NoSQL?

<p>Existing SQL structure is sufficient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of SQL to NoSQL migration, which scheme is the most popular?

<p>1-1 mapping scheme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it advisable to design a NoSQL solution from the beginning rather than migrating from SQL?

<p>When dramatic application changes are required (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using SQL databases compared to NoSQL databases during data assembly?

<p>More data assembling and disassembling required (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which item is NOT commonly associated with a document database?

<p>Use of relational tables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of using a document database?

<p>Reduced need for translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the data structure format used in document databases?

<p>Flexible and schema-less (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Relational Databases

Databases that organize data into tables with relationships between them.

NoSQL Databases

Databases that don't use the traditional table-based structure of relational databases.

Key-Value Database

A simple NoSQL database that stores data as key-value pairs.

Redis

A popular key-value database known for speed and flexibility.

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Document Database

A NoSQL database that stores data in documents, like JSON objects.

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GET (database operation)

Retrieving the value associated with a given key.

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SET (database operation)

Storing a value associated with a given key.

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DEL (database operation)

Deleting data corresponding to a key value pair.

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NoSQL vs Relational Database

NoSQL databases are better for storing and working with data that can't be easily represented in rows and columns, in contrast to relational database.

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SQL to NoSQL Migration

Converting data from a SQL database to a NoSQL database.

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1-1 Mapping (Migration)

A SQL structure is simply represented in the NoSQL equivalent.

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Denormalization (for Migration)

Reverting to a less normalized data model, moving from a detailed to broader structure, for efficient searching.

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JSON Data in Database

Using JSON format to structure data stored in a document database.

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MongoDB

A document-oriented, NoSQL database, founded in 2007, written in C++.

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Document-oriented DB

Stores data in documents, each containing key-value pairs.

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CRUD Operations (MongoDB)

Create, Read, Update, and Delete operations in MongoDB.

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Insert (MongoDB)

Adding a new document to a collection.

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Find (MongoDB)

Retrieving documents from a collection that match a specific criteria.

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Update (MongoDB)

Modifying existing documents in a collection.

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Delete (MongoDB)

Removing documents from a collection.

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Columnar Database

A database where data is organized by columns instead of rows. Each column is stored separately, allowing for efficient querying and data compression.

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Columnar Database Benefits

Columnar databases offer advantages such as efficient data compression due to storing similar data together, faster queries by focusing on specific columns, and self-indexing capabilities.

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Graph Database

A database designed to store and query data with relationships between entities. Each node represents an entity, and edges represent relationships between them.

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Node in a Graph Database

A representation of an entity in a graph database. Nodes can have properties that store information about the entity.

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Relationship in a Graph Database

A connection between two nodes in a graph database. Relationships can have types (like 'FRIENDS' or 'WORKED_WITH') and properties.

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Graph Database Advantages

Graph databases excel at analyzing interconnected data, offering efficient traversal of relationships, and supporting the application of graph algorithms.

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When to Use NoSQL

NoSQL databases are advantageous when you need flexibility, scalability, and high availability, especially when dealing with large datasets and diverse data sources.

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ACID Properties

In traditional databases, ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) ensure data integrity and reliability. NoSQL databases may compromise some of these for performance.

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Study Notes

INF2003: Database Systems NoSQL AY24/25 Trimester 1

  • Course offered by Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT)
  • Presented by Zhang Wei on November 5, 2024

Relational DB: Advantages and Gap

  • Benefits:
    • Consistency, concurrency, recovery
    • Matematical background, solid and rigorous
    • SQL for management and communication
    • Mature ecosystem with tools and services
    • Fact: MySQL database is centralized, stored on a single disk.
  • Good points:
    • Fast local joins, easy management
  • Bad points:
    • Scalability/partitioning issues
    • Robustness/replication problems
    • Task dispatching challenges
  • Reality:
    • Big data handling, Geo-distribution, and data diversity

NoSQL

  • Goal: Simplify data models for wider use cases.
  • Features:
    • Diverse data types and locations
  • Types:
    • Key-value: Simplest NoSQL, a hash table with key-value pairs. Example: Redis.
  • Store, retrieve values in O(1) time
  • Support for data structures (Strings, hashes, lists, sets etc)
  • In-memory operations for speed
  • Data persistency to disk for reliability
  • Many languages supported (Python, Java, C#, C++, etc.)
    • Document:
  • Handles heterogeneous metadata
  • Suitable for storing items (e.g., Lazada/Shopee products) - Not suitable for relational database
    • Columnar:
  • Data stored in columns, not rows
  • Flexible schema design
  • Data compression
  • Examples: HBase, Cassandra, Hypertable, Amazon SimpleDB, etc.
    • Graph:
  • Explicit graph structure
  • Each node knows its adjacent nodes
  • Suitable for applications with native graph structure (social networking)
  • Easily applies graph algorithms
  • Node: Contains properties
  • Relationship: Connects two nodes (e.g., acted_in)
  • Property: Named values (e.g., 'name', 'Tom Hanks')
  • Label: Type of node (e.g., person)

MongoDB

  • Founded in 2007
  • Document-oriented NoSQL database
  • Written in C++
  • Hash-based schema-less database
  • Uses strings for keys
  • Document identifiers are automatically generated
  • Supports various programming languages (Javascript, Python)
  • Features: secondary indexes, atomic writes, master-slave replication, automatic failover, horizontal scaling
  • No joins (using scripts)

SQL -> NoSQL Migration

  • Possible reasons: Business scale-up, application changes
  • Scheme 1 (1:1 mapping): Most popular, translate SQL table to NoSQL collections
    • Tools like AWS DMS, Python libraries available
    • Sample code readily available
  • Scheme 2 (Denormalization): Decompose to bigger structures
  • Scheme 3 (Forget migration): Start from scratch with a new design (better for major app changes)

Columnar Databases

  • Database as key-value pairs
  • Key is comprised of 3 parts: row key, column key & timestamp
  • Data stored column-wise
  • Flexible schema
  • Data compression
  • Examples: HBase, Cassandra, Hypertable

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