Questions and Answers
What is the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)?
A modification of the HDI to account for inequality.
What does a lower IHDI compared to HDI indicate?
Higher inequality.
Brazil has less inequality than Turkey despite both having similar HDI.
True
Which countries are identified as having the lowest Human Development Index scores?
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What three dimensions does the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) measure?
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What does a GII score of 0.0 indicate?
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What is the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?
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Gender inequality has increased since the 1990s in most countries.
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What are the two indicators used to measure empowerment?
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Which region has the highest percentage of women in national parliament?
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What is the labor force participation rate for women worldwide compared to men?
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What does the Maternal Mortality Rate indicate?
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What is the Adolescent Fertility Rate?
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Who proposed the world-systems analysis of core and periphery?
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Which countries are considered core countries?
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Developed countries have higher GII scores than developing countries.
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Study Notes
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
- Measures inequality within a country; perfect equality results in IHDI equaling HDI.
- Greater gap between IHDI and HDI indicates higher inequality levels.
- Developed countries typically show a modest level of inequality, whereas Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia exhibit the lowest scores, indicating the highest inequality.
Inequality Within Developing Countries
- Brazil has less inequality than Turkey despite similar HDI rankings.
- Inequality can also be examined through GNI per capita disparities among states or provinces.
- Wealth distribution varies in Turkey, with the west being wealthier, while in Brazil, the east (coastal regions) shows greater affluence.
Inequality Within Developed Countries
- Regional variations in GNI per capita are less pronounced in developed countries.
- In the U.S., GNI per capita is 122% of the national average in the wealthiest region and 90% in the poorest.
- Historical trends show a decrease in the gap between rich and poor until the 1980s, after which inequality has risen again.
Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
- GDI measures the gender gap across income, education, and life expectancy.
- Countries are ranked based on deviation from gender parity; a perfect parity results in a GDI of 1.000.
- Average GDI in developed regions is 0.975, compared to 0.904 in developing regions, with lowest scores found in SSA, South Asia, Southwest Asia, and North Africa.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
- GII assesses the gender gap in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
- A GII of 0.0 indicates gender equality, while 1.0 signifies extreme inequality.
- Developed countries exhibit lower GII compared to developing countries, with SSA and South Asia facing the highest gender inequalities, especially in reproductive health and empowerment.
GII Over Time
- Gender inequality has generally declined since the 1990s among most countries, with minimal improvements in the U.S. (ranked 47 in GII).
- Contributing factors to low GII in the U.S. include high teen birth rates and lower percentages of women in legislative positions.
- Significant improvements noted in Southwest Asia and North Africa.
Empowerment
- Empowerment gauged by the percentage of women in national legislatures and those completing secondary education.
- Rwanda leads with a majority of women in its national parliament; European countries show significant female representation.
- Secondary school completion rates highlight disparities, with global completion at 54% for women versus 64% for men; variances are pronounced in developing regions.
Employment
- Globally, 54% of women participate in the labor force compared to 77% of men.
- Developed countries showcase higher likelihood of full-time employment for women compared to their counterparts in developing nations.
- Regions like South Asia and Southwest Asia have larger labor participation gaps, unlike East Asia and SSA.
Reproductive Health
- Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): 16 per 100,000 births in developed regions vs. 171 in developing regions, with SSA being the highest.
- Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR): 19 per 1,000 in developed countries vs. 53 in developing nations, again peaking in SSA at 110 per 1,000.
- Countries improving reproductive health face lower fertility rates and better maternal and child health outcomes.
Core and Periphery
- Immanuel Wallerstein identifies core (developed) and periphery (developing) countries in world-systems analysis.
- Core regions (North America, Europe, Japan, South Korea) dominate economic activity and wealth distribution.
- Semi-periphery regions are emerging economically, forming connections between core and periphery nations.
Comparing HDI and GII
- HDI measures overall development, with higher scores indicating better development levels.
- GII reflects the degree of gender inequality, with higher scores denoting greater inequality.
- Development analysts observe that More Developed Countries (MDCs) generally have less gender inequality than developing nations.
Female Labor Force Participation Rate
- Represents the percentage of women in full-time employment outside the home.
- Women in East Asia and SSA often engage in agricultural or service industries despite high fertility rates.
Maternal Mortality Rate
- Indicates the number of deaths during childbirth per 100,000 live births.
- Highest maternal mortality rates are prevalent in SSA.
Adolescent Fertility Rate
- Refers to the birth rates per 1,000 women aged 15-19.
- Highest adolescent fertility rates occur in SSA, recorded at 110 per 1,000 women.
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Description
Explore the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and its implications for understanding inequality across countries. This quiz covers comparisons between developed and developing nations, highlighting regional disparities and wealth distribution. Discover the nuances of inequality in countries like Brazil and Turkey, as well as insights into the United States.