Industrialization and Urban Parks in Canada
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Questions and Answers

When did industrialization begin to occur in Canada?

  • Late 20th century
  • Early 20th century
  • Early 18th century
  • Mid-19th century (correct)

    • What impact did industrialization have on Canadian cities at the turn of the century?

  • Cities became more homogeneous in terms of wealth and social class.
  • Cities saw a decrease in cultural diversity as immigration slowed down.
  • Cities experienced a decline in population due to migration to rural areas.
  • Cities became places of stark contrasts between the rich and the poor. (correct)

    • What was the suggestion in the 1833 report to the British Parliament regarding parks?

  • Parks would improve urban health and provide space for recreation. (correct)
  • Parks should be privatized to generate revenue for the government.
  • Parks should be used exclusively for industrial purposes.
  • Parks in agricultural land would provide increased crop yields.

    • What two practical matters caused disagreement over securing and using public lands?

    <p>The amount to spend purchasing land and the acceptable forms of recreation practices allowed on this public land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 1860 bylaw entrust to a committee?

    <p>Care of all the city’s public walks, gardens, and parks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of the regulation and usage of public land exhibited by municipal leaders?

    <p>A tight control municipal leaders believed necessary, particularly in terms of the appropriateness of the types of recreation activities taking place in these public spaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the stipulations placed on the arrangement of parks and playgrounds in London, Ontario?

    <p>That it be open only from 5:00 a.m. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of industrialization and urbanization, what was a primary focus of individuals, groups, and governing bodies in Canadian towns and cities?

    <p>Meeting recreation needs through securing land for parks and facilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary motivation for private sector involvement in the promotion of public parks?

    <p>To boost commercial business and increase real estate values by designating land for parks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landscape architect had an influence on Assiniboine Park, and what was his connection to Frederick Law Olmsted?

    <p>Frederick Todd, who worked at Olmsted's firm and was the main designer of Assiniboine Park. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social concerns were addressed by urban parks and playground movements during the reform impulse?

    <p>Addressing urban crowding, poor health, and juvenile delinquency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary ideological goal in designing public parks during the early 20th century?

    <p>To reflect appropriate middle-class values and provide a site for rational and moderate recreation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main characteristic of the 'taming of nature' in the public park movement?

    <p>Constructing wilderness within the parks while not truly celebrating untouched wilderness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did tourism impact Indigenous peoples, according to the provided context?

    <p>It commodified Indigenous peoples by valuing them based on their ability to fulfill elite visitors' expectations of a 'true wilderness experience'. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function did sport hunting serve for white middle- and upper-class men and boys in Canada?

    <p>It offered an opportunity to demonstrate masculinity during a time when sedentary urban lives were perceived to blur gender distinctions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What message was conveyed through images that placed elite hunters in the foreground of pastoral scenes while obscuring the facial features of Indigenous peoples?

    <p>The narrative of an uninhabited, resource-rich landscape ready to support colonization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Indigenous hunting practices differ from those of gentleman hunters prior to contact?

    <p>Indigenous peoples often engaged in mass hunts for survival, while gentleman hunters emphasized sport and fair chase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did contact with European settlers affect Indigenous conceptions of nature and animals?

    <p>It disrupted many traditional notions through contact and the emergence of a trading economy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organizations was associated with promoting outdoor activities with gendered vocations?

    <p>Boy Scouts and Girl Guides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary appeal of wilderness programs for young people?

    <p>Reinforcing expected social ideals away from the perceived ills of urban life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the appeal of Alpine Club?

    <p>To promote competitive undertaking for climbers who sought first ascents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the First World War impact the popularity of skiing in Canada?

    <p>It spurred the growth of both back and front country skiing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key early interest related to bicycles on the Canadian prairies?

    <p>Comparing the practicality of the bicycle against the horse for transportation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mabel Peters' work primarily associated with?

    <p>The Canadian Playground Movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary argument connecting women's moral authority and suffrage?

    <p>Uplifting the nation required the uplifting of women. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was eugenics designed to support?

    <p>White Supremecy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways did Canadian suffragists advocate for the rights of women beyond just the political sphere?

    <p>They campaigned for various reforms, including social security, education, and public health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common belief among middle-class Anglo-Saxon women in the early 20th century regarding the future of the Canadian race?

    <p>The future of the Canadian race and women’s participation in politics were intertwined. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying ideology connects the playground movement to uncomfortable racist and ableist ideas?

    <p>Eugenics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key impact of urbanization and industrialization on Canadian society?

    <p>Increased strain on living conditions that municipal governments struggled to manage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did white middle and upper-class urban Canadians perceive nature in the context of urbanization and industrialization?

    <p>As a cure for the ill effects of urban-industrial life and a way to safeguard public morality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of organized sports during the period of urbanization and industrialization?

    <p>To compensate for the loss of natural opportunities for outdoor physical activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the 'spirit of rational recreation'?

    <p>The belief that humans can be improved by purposeful, disciplined recreation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social reformers, what values did 'respectability' in physical activity and recreation promote?

    <p>Respectable, Christian, heteronormative, middle-class values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the history of physical activity and leisure reflect the power of elites?

    <p>By shaping nature and recreation to reflect their own image and exclude certain groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial purpose of designating spaces like Garrison Lands and cemeteries for public use in the 1860s-70s?

    <p>To re-purpose otherwise used spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal behind Winnipeg's city engineer's proposal in 1892 regarding land reservation?

    <p>To reserve large areas of land where citizens of all classes can escape the noise for recreation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements influenced the development of municipal parks, according to the CSL?

    <p>Commercially oriented parks movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did real estate developers contribute to the residential amenity movement?

    <p>By incorporating streets, land for parks, and parkways to promote sales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the connection between the mass recreation movement and transportation companies?

    <p>The mass recreation movement was often linked to transportation companies, resulting in business synergy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key characteristic of early Winnipeg private parks like River Park and Elm Park?

    <p>Being located on private land (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Canada's first national park (Banff), created in 1885?

    <p>It represented a move toward getting people outside and protecting natural spaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the perceived relationship between nature and morality during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

    <p>Nature was seen as inherently moral, with exposure promoting ethical behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Canadian cities hosted teams in the International League, a prominent minor-league circuit?

    <p>Toronto and Montreal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily plagued the baseball league that included teams like the Moose Jaw Robin Hoods and Winnipeg Maroons?

    <p>Logistics and travel difficulties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common requirement for women to attend baseball games in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

    <p>Being accompanied by a male escort (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a complaint leveled against the Boston Bloomer Girls when they visited Vancouver in 1900?

    <p>Their team included unskilled women and men in drag misleading paying crowds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action led to the disbanding of the Canadian Ladies’ Golf Union (CLGU)?

    <p>Its president going to Serbia as a military ambulance driver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary concern of the white urban middle-class Canadians that fueled the playground movement in the 1920s?

    <p>The perceived negative impacts of modern, sedentary life and contaminated environments on children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of rationalizing and structuring children's play in the playground movement?

    <p>To normalize Canadian children through social engineering, instilling dominant middle-class values and behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept was intertwined with the playground movement, reflecting broader societal anxieties about the quality of the Canadian population?

    <p>Eugenics, focusing on improving the biological quality of the Canadian population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific role did the suffrage movement play in the context of the eugenics movement and playground development during the early 20th century?

    <p>It extended maternal responsibility to include ensuring the proper development of Canada's youngest nationals, reinforcing eugenic ideals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Robert Baden-Powell's primary objective in establishing the Boy Scouts?

    <p>To develop self-sufficiency among young men, preparing them for service to the British Empire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did the League of Woodcraft Indians differentiate itself from the Boy Scouts, regarding the role and significance of nature?

    <p>The League believed that spending time outdoors was spiritually uplifting, an attitude not shared by the founder of Boy Scouts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of activities and badges within the Boy Scouts program, from a historical perspective?

    <p>To cultivate skills and confidence in young men, preparing them for service to the British Empire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of scouting in North America, particularly in Canada, compared to its original British model?

    <p>Emphasis on individual self-sufficiency and outdoor skills, rather than service to the British Empire and religious instruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main distinction between 'elite' private summer camps and publicly funded 'fresh air' camps in Ontario during the early 20th century?

    <p>Elite camps catered to upper class families. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did summer camp programming in early 20th century Ontario reflect an 'anti-modernist' sentiment?

    <p>By providing an escape from cities and industrial life, reflecting a longing for simpler times and authentic experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taylor Statten created Ahmek and Wapomeo camps. What was the motivation behind giving "made-up" Indigenous names to enhance authenticity experience?

    <p>To create a romanticized and stylized experience of Indigenous culture, often lacking genuine representation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key aspect of the 'anti-modernism' expressed in summer camps of the early 20th century, regarding middle-class anxieties?

    <p>Addressing unease with the rapid pace and direction of cultural change, particularly industrialization and urbanization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary gendered distinction in activities offered at summer camps during the early 20th century?

    <p>Boys were encouraged to develop 'hyper-masculinity' through games, while girls focused on artistic abilities and domestic skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Egerton Ryerson's role in the history of public education in Ontario?

    <p>He was a leading figure in the campaign for free, universal, and compulsory schooling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the disciplinary approach primarily used in education, and what physical activities did it emphasize for boys and girls respectively?

    <p>A disciplinary approach, which emphasized military drill and gymnastics for boys, and calisthenics for girls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant barrier to implementing physical education in schools in the late 19th century?

    <p>Poorly trained teachers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was introduced into the Winnipeg schools' curriculum in 1891?

    <p>Military drill (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the views on physical education shift in Manitoba between 1900 and 1910?

    <p>Increased recognition of the importance of play (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual significantly influenced the development of physical education in Manitoba?

    <p>William Cyprian Pinkham (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the intention behind the creation of the Strathcona Trust in 1909?

    <p>To promote curricular physical education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common belief regarding military drill in early Canadian education?

    <p>It was viewed as a safeguard against physical degeneracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gymnastics basis was influenced by the Swedish system in the Strathcona Trust syllabus?

    <p>Mass participation with emphasis on precision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the increase in physical education from 400,000 to 500,000 students enrolled by 1921 signify?

    <p>Growing importance of physical education in schools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal changes contributed to the broader scope of education in Manitoba around 1900?

    <p>A growing concern for health and play (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue was particularly alarming in Winnipeg at the time?

    <p>Deteriorating physical health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general attitude toward the implementation of physical activities in rural schools?

    <p>Limited formal training but appreciation for outside sports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea about children’s play was emphasized in physical education discussions?

    <p>Play can teach discipline and citizenship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception about physical activity was addressed particularly among women?

    <p>Physical activity could endanger their nurturing roles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of early Canadian education, what was a significant shift in philosophy concerning physical education?

    <p>Belief in developing character through physical education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main criticisms of the Strathcona trust regarding its educational approach?

    <p>It was considered overly militaristic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significantly influenced the state curriculum in Canada as a result of the Strathcona trust?

    <p>Transition from German to Swedish gymnastics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the curriculum negatively impacted the benefits for girls in physical education?

    <p>Mandatory military training requirements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sports is associated with British imperialism in Canada?

    <p>Cricket (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideological perspective argued that Canada should align more closely with the British Empire?

    <p>Imperialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did cricket serve the ruling class in Canada?

    <p>To reinforce allegiance to British values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major issue did cricket face in Canada by the early 1860s?

    <p>Decline in participation and support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason cricket failed to integrate into Canadian culture?

    <p>Society's elites did not promote it to the working-class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key element of 'muscular Christianity' as it related to sport?

    <p>Physical fitness as a measure of moral character. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the impact of cultural diversity on British sports in Canada?

    <p>The French population significantly resisted British sports. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two essential steps for a sport to be successfully integrated into a new culture?

    <p>Adaptation and assimilation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of educational facilities were highlighted as lacking in the context of sports and teacher training?

    <p>Specialized facilities for training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two sports represent the connection between nationalism and sport in Canada?

    <p>Lacrosse and baseball (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What central theme characterized the debates around sport in Canada during the ideological struggle?

    <p>Conflicts between imperialism, continentalism, and nationalism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the lack of enthusiasm for cricket in Canada?

    <p>The record of Canadian cricketers was poor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Dr. W. George Beers's primary motivation for advocating lacrosse?

    <p>To embody Canadian identity through indigenous sports (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique characteristic of lacrosse was emphasized by its advocates in Canada?

    <p>Its ability to unite the emerging Canadian nationality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major result of increasing competition during lacrosse's popularity?

    <p>Heightened levels of violence in games (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did public schools play in the development of organized sports?

    <p>They introduced organized sports to control unruly students. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did amateurism interact with the development of lacrosse in Canada?

    <p>It maintained purity in the game against professionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence faced by First Nations clubs in the lacrosse leagues?

    <p>Exclusion from leadership roles in organizations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some factors contributing to the rise of modern sport during industrialization?

    <p>Privatization of land and the need for organized activities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the perception of lacrosse in terms of its effect on youth?

    <p>It was seen as a means to keep youth engaged positively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did cricket fail to become a popular sport in Canada despite its British origins?

    <p>It was only played by a small elite group and did not gain wider appeal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAUC) take in response to changing athletics?

    <p>Attempted to safeguard amateurism against professionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument did Poulter make regarding lacrosse and snowshoeing?

    <p>They highlighted the appropriation of Indigenous activities by colonists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city was a key player in establishing organized sports in Canada during the 19th century?

    <p>Montreal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did George Beers advocate for regarding lacrosse's status in Canada?

    <p>Establishing it as Canada’s national sport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of American culture on Canadian views of cricket?

    <p>Total ignorance of the game (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of urbanization on traditional sports during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

    <p>The replacement of community-driven sports with organized events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated George Beers in promoting lacrosse as a national sport?

    <p>To assert a uniquely Canadian identity independent of British ties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did lacrosse experience its most significant popularity?

    <p>1867 to 1885 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ideological significance of sports in the context of imperialism?

    <p>They reflected British superiority and spread cultural values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism emerged regarding the rise of lacrosse's popularity?

    <p>The focus shifted from character building to winning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the marketing of sporting goods affect modern sports?

    <p>It standardized equipment and promoted mass participation in sports. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the rise of professional sport in lacrosse?

    <p>Many teams opted out of championship games (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Donald Fisher argue regarding the adoption of lacrosse as Canada’s national game?

    <p>It lacked any significant opposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the relationship between organized sports and urbanization in 19th-century Canada?

    <p>Increased population density created a demand for organized sporting events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the downfall of lacrosse in Canada according to sport historians?

    <p>Brutality of the game and conflict with professionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural perception about baseball was reflected in some Canadian media?

    <p>Baseball was seen as a lower moral American intrusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did American players influence Canadian baseball?

    <p>They improved the quality of play at the cost of local character (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the 1860 international baseball match?

    <p>It marked the decline of Canadian regional rules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What civic attitude emerged in Ontario regarding baseball during its early years?

    <p>Pride in local club success linked to business improvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the style of play in Ontario baseball in the 1860s?

    <p>Dominance of New York rules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects Fred Jacob's views on lacrosse?

    <p>Canadians should reconsider their rejection of professional lacrosse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the mayor's participation in baseball events symbolize?

    <p>Community engagement and civic pride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What situation regarding player compensation was common among lacrosse clubs?

    <p>Clubs insisted on maintaining the illusion of amateurism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason baseball's popularity grew over cricket and lacrosse?

    <p>Mass appeal to lower and working-class cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between baseball's commercialization and respectability?

    <p>Commercial success led to increased skepticism about baseball's values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the Canadian Base Ball Guide written by William Bryce?

    <p>It documented the evolution of Canadian baseball (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did American trends affect local competition in Canadian baseball leagues?

    <p>They led to the decline of Canadian players' participation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of American baseball did Canadian promoters explicitly downplay?

    <p>Baseball's ties to working-class culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity shifted the emphasis in lacrosse from character-building to a different focus?

    <p>Goal of mere victory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sportsmanship did organizations like the WAAA and IAAA promote?

    <p>Muscular Christianity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributed to Ned Hanlan's rise to fame?

    <p>Mass circulation newspapers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable characteristic of the composition of club executives in the early lacrosse organizations?

    <p>Almost all engaged in non-manual labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the Woodstock Amateur Athletic Association when established?

    <p>Regulating amateur sport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of professionalism in sports distinguishes it from commercialism?

    <p>Payment for athletic labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group's perspective did the lacrosse clubs' regulations on conduct align with?

    <p>Social reformers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a byproduct of the commercial growth of sports in the late 19th century?

    <p>Emergence of sporting goods companies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the growing sports-related market and its commodities?

    <p>Human expertise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social issue did the reformers associate with sports such as lacrosse?

    <p>Encouraging rowdyism and gambling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contests mostly dominated the 19th century Canadian sports scene?

    <p>One-on-one contests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of journalists like H.J.P.W. Good in the sports community?

    <p>Writing about diverse sports (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did social reformers seek to regulate acceptable sports?

    <p>By establishing strict guidelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic was shared by the early organizers of lacrosse in the 1870s?

    <p>Similar social background (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary value promoted by amateur sports clubs during the 1850s to 1870s?

    <p>Skill rather than brute strength (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did James Creighton contribute to the evolution of hockey?

    <p>He organized the first recorded hockey game in Montreal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main prohibitions outlined in the amateurism regulations?

    <p>Athletes competing on Sundays (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a significant change in amateur sport from the 1880s to 1910s?

    <p>Establishment of uniform rules for competition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal concern did amateurism address through sports during its development?

    <p>The need for self-discipline and moral character (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant barrier faced by working-class individuals regarding participation in amateur sports?

    <p>Strict amateur regulations against professionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of amateur sport was primarily threatened by trends from the USA in the late 19th century?

    <p>The emphasis on amateurism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During amateur sport's early influences in Canada, what was a perceived ideal outcome of sports participation?

    <p>Developing gentlemen free from gambling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association contribute to the evolution of sports?

    <p>Formal organization of amateur sport competitions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social value was notably upheld by amateur sports clubs in promoting their activities?

    <p>Pleasure and socializing among participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the idea that participating in sports was a way to train for citizenship?

    <p>Amateur ideology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the underlying fears that influenced the concept of Muscular Christianity in the context of sport?

    <p>Deterioration of masculinity and manliness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the nature of amateur sport at the turn of the 20th century?

    <p>Team as civic representatives with evolving roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the growing appeal of community-based baseball teams in the 1860s?

    <p>The rise of civic pride and town spirit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group emphasized the importance of strict amateurism in Canadian sports?

    <p>Conservatives (AAU) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What development played a significant role in changing the dynamics between amateur and professional sports in Canada by the early 20th century?

    <p>Rapid growth of amateur sports in industrial towns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary concern regarding the professionalism of sports in the late 19th century?

    <p>The moral implications of athletes being paid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city played a crucial role in the development and leadership of amateur sports in Canada?

    <p>Toronto (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideology was prevalent among the champions of amateur sport during the amateur war in Canada?

    <p>Strict amateurism without financial incentives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Canadian athlete became the world's champion in 1878 in a sport outside of baseball?

    <p>Ned Hanlan in rowing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend influenced the commercialization of sports in Canada during the late 19th century?

    <p>Gambling interests and promoter involvement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the stance of the Liberal AAF regarding the payment of players?

    <p>They accepted financial competition as necessary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the 'clash of values' in Canadian sports during the early 20th century?

    <p>Divergent ideologies regarding professionalism and education in sports (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did early professional sports differ from amateur sports in Canada?

    <p>They allowed for monetary rewards while competing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Canadian association of amateur oarsmen play in Canadian sports?

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    What was a significant effect of the Amateur Athletic Union's victory in the amateur war?

    <p>Strict amateurism continued to govern Canadian sports (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defined the early organized sports in Canada during the 19th century?

    <p>Participation without specialized facilities or equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Muscular Christianity on Canadian sports during the progression toward professionalism?

    <p>Supported the integration of physical fitness and moral values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary concern often overshadowed the provision of public recreation, such as swimming facilities, in early Canadian cities like Hamilton?

    <p>The financial burden and public spending required to establish and maintain these facilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The playground movement in the early 20th century was primarily motivated by what?

    <p>Providing children with safe environments to counteract the perceived threats of modern urban life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did technological advancements like railways and steamships influence recreational activities such as hunting and fishing?

    <p>They enabled a lucrative tourism and service industry catering to those seeking escape from industrial life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sporting ethic underscored technological advancements, such as the development of railways and steamships, in relation to hunting and fishing?

    <p>New ideas of conservation aimed at preserving fish and game populations for sport hunters and the tourism industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the growth of fishing and hunting among white middle and upper-class urbanites affect Indigenous peoples?

    <p>It led to the exclusion of Indigenous peoples and practices through the control of landscapes using science and technology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perception of elite British women was associated with fishing as recreation since the Renaissance?

    <p>Their embodiment of virtues such as gentleness, patience, contemplation, and Christian devotion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about water quality in Hamilton Harbour during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

    <p>Increasing levels of pollution eventually rendered the harbour unsafe for swimming, leading to the decline of the activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the perception and utilization of urban parks, like Queen's Park in London, by different social classes?

    <p>While not explicitly exclusionary, the design and intended use of parks often reflected middle-class values, influencing park usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the shift in the use of Victoria Park in London after 1878?

    <p>The park prioritized physical recreation for those who had lost the use of Victoria Park for these activities after 1878. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of early parks in London and swimming facilities in Hamilton, what concern usually outweighed the social expense in debates among city leaders?

    <p>The financial burden and associated public expense to establish and maintain these public spaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the attitude of municipal politicians towards public recreation projects requiring public funds?

    <p>They displayed a general hesitance, reflecting a timidity to spend public money on recreation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social class were sporting activities in central locations most important for?

    <p>White middle-class men who migrated to the West. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sheila McManus observe that many fisherwomen believed, leading them to economic initiatives and conservation efforts?

    <p>That they had a special awareness of that fragility and a special duty to help protect it because they were women. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did social reform initiatives emerge from?

    <p>Broader concerns of white urban middle-class Canadians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following initiatives was NOT mentioned in the text?

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    Flashcards

    Industrialization in Canada

    The transition to industrial production that began in the mid-19th century and intensified after Confederation in 1867.

    Impact on sport and recreation

    Industrialization led to changes in how sports and recreation were organized and accessed primarily in urban areas.

    Urban Parks and Recreation

    The establishment of parks and recreational facilities aimed at improving city living and providing leisure spaces.

    Select Committee on Public Walks

    An 1833 committee that suggested public parks be built to enhance city health and leisure.

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    City council regulations

    Laws imposed by city councils to control the use of public lands for recreation.

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    Contested land use

    The ongoing debates over how public land should be used for recreation and who gets access.

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    Public recreation funding

    The decisions made regarding financial support for acquiring land for parks and recreational facilities.

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    Public land appropriateness

    Discussions on what recreation activities were suitable for public spaces in cities.

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    Queen's Park Purpose

    Queen’s Park was created to accommodate recreation for Londoners after losing access to Victoria Park.

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    Public Recreation Tension

    Municipal politicians hesitated to fund public recreation due to budget concerns.

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    Swimming in Hamilton Harbour

    Recreational swimming in Hamilton faced health concerns over water quality.

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    Swimming Suit By-law

    1910 bylaw mandated swimming suits covering neck to knees for everyone over 14.

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    Pollution Impact on Swimming

    By the mid-1940s, pollution closed swimming spots in Hamilton’s bay.

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    Playground Movement

    A social reform effort establishing safe recreational spaces for children.

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    Impact on Lower Classes

    Parks were designed to reflect middle-class values, limiting access for lower classes.

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    Hunting as Escapism

    Hunting provided an escape for middle- and upper-class individuals from industrial life.

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    Tourism and Recreation

    Technological advancements fostered a lucrative tourism industry linked to outdoor sports.

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    Women's Role in Fishing

    Elite women engaged in fishing, embodying gentleness and patience, since the Renaissance.

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    Fishing and Conservation

    Women’s involvement in fishing contributed to calls for conservation and tourism.

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    Moral Concerns in Recreation

    Debates on public recreation often weighed physical health against moral expenditure.

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    Physical Recreation Importance

    Recreational activities were seen as essential for the moral and physical health of citizens.

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    Middle-Class Values in Design

    Parks were designed to represent and promote middle-class recreational ideals.

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    Water Activities in Urban Areas

    Local waterways served as popular spots for public recreation despite pollution concerns.

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    Rational Recreation

    Physical activities designed to serve a larger social purpose and improve society.

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    Respectability in Recreation

    Promotion of activities that align with middle-class, Christian values.

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    Nature's Medicine

    The idea that interacting with nature improves health and morality.

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    Urbanization Impact

    The strain on living conditions due to migration to cities and immigration.

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    Public Health and Recreation

    The health benefits derived from organized outdoor activities amidst urban life.

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    Civics Through Outdoor Recreation

    Youth organizations used outdoor activities for training citizenship and character.

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    Class and Gender in Outdoor Recreation

    Different social classes and genders had varied access to outdoor activities.

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    Public Parks Development

    Creation of public spaces for recreation in cities, initiated in the 19th century.

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    Public Park Movement

    Efforts in the late 19th century to establish public parks for community use.

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    Mass Recreation Movement

    A movement that capitalized on the popularity of organized recreational activities.

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    Private Parks in Winnipeg

    Designed spaces run by private owners for recreation and leisure.

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    Commercial Parks Influence

    Business elites shifted city planning to enhance commercial appeal of parks.

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    City Beautiful Movement

    A movement aimed at urban beautification to combat urban blight.

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    Early Municipal Recreational Spaces

    Establishment of various public spaces for recreation in urban areas during the 19th century.

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    Commodification of Indigenous Peoples

    Tourism places a value on Indigenous peoples based on tourist expectations.

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    Gentlemen Hunters

    White middle- and upper-class men who hunted to demonstrate masculinity.

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    Indigenous Hunting Practices

    Indigenous peoples hunted for survival, often viewed as unsporting by outsiders.

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    Outdoor Recreation Emergence

    Activities like Boy Scouts, skiing, and mountain climbing grew popular in the 20th century.

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    Boy Scouts Ethic

    Promoted hyper-masculine values and patriotism through outdoor activities.

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    Girl Guides Contributions

    Girl Guides focused on building the Empire and traditional female roles.

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    Mountaineering Trends

    Mountaineering became competitive as urban Canadians sought to explore nature.

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    Rise of Skiing

    Skiing gained popularity in Canada post-World War I, enjoyed by both genders.

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    Cycling Popularity

    Bicycling surged in the late 19th century as a popular outdoor activity.

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    Suffrage Movement

    Canadian suffragists sought women's political and social rights alongside reforms.

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    Eugenics in Canada

    Movement aimed to enhance the reproductive prospects of white nationals.

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    Influence of Urban Living

    Youth outdoor activities were seen as a remedy for urban lifestyle issues.

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    Social Reform Connections

    Suffragists viewed their roles as both reformers and advocates for women’s rights.

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    Environmental Influence on Hunting

    Indigenous ideas about nature shaped hunting techniques before contact.

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    Gendered Vocations in Guides

    Both Boy Scouts and Girl Guides provided training in gender-specific skills.

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    Frederick Law Olmstead

    An architect known for designing Central Park in NY, influencing public park development.

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    Assiniboine Park

    A city park in Winnipeg, purchased in 1904 and opened in 1909 for recreation and picnics.

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    Suburban Parks

    Parks designed in suburbs, influenced by Olmstead and promoting green public spaces.

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    International League

    A minor-league baseball circuit, the highest outside Major League Baseball.

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    Women's Baseball in Canada

    19th-century women participated in baseball, often limited by social norms.

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    Barnstorming Teams

    Touring female baseball teams from the U.S. that played in Canada.

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    Canadian Ladies’ Golf Union (CLGU)

    Formed in 1913, it marked women's organized sports movement in Canada.

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    Women's Sport-Related Complaints

    Local media criticized unskilled women players during teams' tours, like Bloomer Girls.

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    Houghton's Physical Culture

    An 1886 book promoting physical education based on German gymnastics.

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    Compulsory Physical Training

    In 1889, physical training became mandatory for students in public schools.

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    Turner Movement

    A German movement that encouraged the formation of gymnastics clubs.

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    Manitoba PE Beginnings

    Physical education was added to Manitoba's curriculum in 1889.

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    Military Drill in Schools

    Introduced into Winnipeg schools in 1891, formalized in 1895.

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    Rational Play Importance

    Play activities in schools needed supervision to teach discipline.

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    Health Problems in Cities

    Urbanization led to increased visibility of health issues in cities like Winnipeg.

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    Strathcona Trust

    Established in 1909 to promote physical and military training in schools.

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    Physical Education Curriculum Change

    No major changes to the Manitoba PE curriculum occurred until 1909.

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    Teacher Training for PE

    Established in 1902 to prepare educators for physical training.

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    Impact of Military Training Beliefs

    Beliefs that military training safeguards against physical degeneracy.

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    Barriers to PE in Schools

    Poorly trained teachers and inadequate facilities limited PE programs.

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    Playground Planning in Schools

    Plans required sufficient playground space for new rural schools in 1903.

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    Imperialism and Physical Education

    Context of loyalty to the British Empire influenced PE views in Canada.

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    Games in PE Curriculum

    In 1921, games were included in the set curriculum of physical exercises.

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    Eugenics in Recreation

    The belief that societal improvement depended on eradicating weaknesses through recreation.

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    Girl Scouts and Camp Fire Girls

    Organizations providing outdoor recreation opportunities for girls in North America.

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    Robert Baden-Powell

    Founder of the Boy Scouts, promoting outdoor skills and citizenship.

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    League of Woodcraft Indians

    An alternative to Boy Scouts emphasizing outdoor skills without British ties.

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    Summer Camps in Ontario

    Camps founded by urban middle-class for recreational activities.

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    Anti-modernism in Camping

    Middle-class reaction against urban industrial life through camping.

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    Public Education Development

    The evolution of schooling from voluntary to compulsory in Ontario (1784-1905).

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    Compulsory Education Era

    Starting in 1871, when free, universal schooling became a law in Ontario.

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    Physical Education Introduction

    Curriculum incorporating physical activities, slow to implement.

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    Disciplinary Approach to Education

    An educational method focused on order and discipline suitable for military-style training.

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    Middle-Class Concerns

    Fears regarding sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy environments affecting children.

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    Social Engineering through Playgrounds

    Using playgrounds to instill middle-class values and norms in children.

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    Recreation Centers in 1920s

    Community centers staffed by paid employees to provide leisure activities.

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    Historical View of Education

    Education is designed to prepare youth for their roles in society and community.

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    Gendered Curriculum

    Educational programs that incorporate gender-specific elements, affecting equal participation.

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    Muscular Bonding

    The idea that physical activities can create strong social and emotional connections.

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    Cricket and Imperialism

    Cricket symbolized British authority and influence in colonial Canada.

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    Continentalism vs Nationalism

    Debate over Canadian identity between allegiance to Britain or development as an independent country.

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    Cricket's Downfall

    Decline of cricket in Canada due to inability to integrate into local culture.

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    Muscular Christianity

    A belief that physical fitness is essential to moral strength and masculine ideals.

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    Hierarchical Society in Sport

    Cricket reinforced class structures, favoring the upper class in Canada.

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    Impact of War on Sport Curriculum

    Military influences shaped physical education, often at the expense of girls' programs.

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    Shift to Swedish Gymnastics

    A change in physical education ideology, moving away from German methods.

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    Cricket Clubs Formation

    Early cricket clubs established across Canadian cities in the 19th century.

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    Ideological Structures in Sport

    Conflicting ideas shaped the development of sport in Canada, reflecting broader national values.

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    Absence of Incentives for Education Boards

    Lack of motivation that impacted the quality of education systems, especially in physical education.

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    Absence of Specialized Facilities

    Educational institutions lacked proper facilities for effective physical education training.

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    Challenges of One-Room Schools

    Difficulties in managing education for various ages and subjects in one classroom.

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    Pre-Confederation Canada

    The period in Canada before the Confederation in 1867, marked by settler-colonial activity.

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    Modern Sport Development

    The formalization of sports into organized events with standardized rules during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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    Role of British Public Schools

    Elite schools in Britain where sports became a way to instill discipline and leadership among unruly students.

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    Cricket's Popularity in Canada

    A sport that flourished among elites in Canada during the 1830s to 1860s, reflecting British cultural ties.

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    Montreal's Influence on Sports

    Montreal became a cultural hub for organized sports in the late 19th century, setting national standards.

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    National Lacrosse Association

    Founded by George Beers, it promoted lacrosse as a national sport in Canada, with the first rules established in 1860.

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    Performativity in Sport

    The use of traditional Indigenous attire in snowshoe clubs to create a composite 'Native-Canadian' identity.

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    Colonial Appropriation in Sports

    The act of colonists adopting Indigenous activities, reshaping them into their cultural identity.

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    Impact of Industrialization on Sports

    Created the foundations for modern sports, shifting from folk games to organized events due to urban needs.

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    Canadian Nationalism in Sport

    The focus on developing uniquely Canadian sports to foster national pride, like lacrosse and snowshoeing.

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    Amateurism vs Professionalism

    The ongoing debate about player compensation and moral standards in sports.

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    Hypocrisy in Lacrosse

    Lacrosse clubs claimed amateur status while secretly paying players.

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    Canadian Baseball Roots

    Baseball's growth in Canada greatly influenced by American culture.

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    Canadian Attitude Toward Lacrosse

    Canadians preferred American professional baseball over domestic lacrosse.

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    Baseball in American Culture

    Baseball was viewed as a symbol of American life and morality.

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    Negative Press on Baseball

    Criticism of baseball as a corrupting influence from American culture.

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    American Imports in Baseball

    Importing American players improved Canadian baseball quality but altered the game.

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    Rules and Variations of Baseball

    Different styles of baseball emerged based on regional rules in North America.

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    Civic Pride and Baseball

    Local entrepreneurs saw successful baseball clubs as good for business.

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    First Baseball Rivalry

    The competition between Hamilton and Woodstock in the early 1860s marked formal rivalries.

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    Americanization of Sport

    The process where Canadian sports increasingly reflected American styles and practices.

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    Impact of American Players

    Hiring American ballplayers changed the character of Canadian baseball.

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    Critique of Baseball's Morality

    Some viewed baseball as contradictory to moral standards due to its origins.

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    Baseball's International Presence

    Baseball promoters aspired for its global success, even influencing Canada.

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    Economic Dynamics of Baseball

    Baseball's financial aspects influenced its growth and popularity in Canada.

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    Cricket's Popularity in Quebec

    Cricket was primarily played by Montreal's English elite and not widely accepted in Quebec.

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    Impact of American Culture

    American culture ignored cricket, affecting how Canadian sportsmen viewed the game.

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    Canadian Cricket Records

    Canadian cricketers achieved only 10 wins out of 98 matches, causing public criticism.

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    Lacrosse and Nationalism

    Lacrosse was seen as a potential success in Canada, unlike cricket.

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    George Beers' Advocacy

    Dr. George Beers promoted lacrosse as a symbol of Canadian nationalism and character.

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    Lacrosse as National Sport

    Beers campaigned for lacrosse as Canada’s national sport soon after Confederation.

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    Moral Character in Lacrosse

    Lacrosse was promoted as a way to create a virtuous generation and reduce crime.

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    First Nations Clubs in Lacrosse

    First Nations clubs faced expulsion and underrepresentation in lacrosse leagues.

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    The Role of AAAC

    The Amateur Athletic Association of Canada aimed to protect amateurism in sports.

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    Professionalism's Rise

    By 1900, professional athletes were seen as highly skilled, leading to mixed views in sport.

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    Connection Between Sports and Values

    Beers linked sports, war, and character development as significant to Canadian identity.

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    Social Diversity in Teams

    Lacrosse teams in the late 1880s included players from various social backgrounds.

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    Decline of Lacrosse's Popularity

    The sport's glory days were from 1867 to 1885, challenged by American competition.

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    Montreal Curling Club

    Founded in 1807, it is one of the earliest sports clubs in Canada focused on curling.

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    Montreal Snow Shoe Club

    Established in 1856, it was a social organization for snowshoeing and camaraderie among middle-class men.

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    Montreal Bike Club

    Founded in 1878 by immigrants, it focused on cycling among amateurs, including guidelines on attire and equipment.

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    James Creighton

    Key organizer of the first hockey game in March 1875, blending elements from other sports.

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    Amateurism

    An ideology promoting non-professional sports, emphasizing skills and ethical competition without pay.

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    Social Values in Clubs

    Clubs promoted socializing, excellence, citizenship, and respect, not just competition.

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    Amateurism regulations

    Set rules preventing athletes from competing for money or against professionals to uphold amateur status.

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    Sabbatarian clause

    A rule banning athletes from competing on Sundays to uphold religious observance.

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    Democratization of Sports

    In the 1880s-1910s, sports became more inclusive, allowing varied social classes to participate.

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    Champion City

    The term used to represent the evolving nature of sport and its social significance in the early 20th century.

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    Continentalists in Sports

    A viewpoint arguing Canada should align with America rather than cling to imperial ties for sports growth.

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    Barriers to Participation

    Social and economic obstacles that hindered working-class involvement in amateur sports.

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    Shift in Sports Values

    As competition increased, there was a focus on winning at any cost, challenging amateur principles.

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    Role of Media in Sports

    Increasing influence of media showcasing players and the spectacle of sports in society.

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    Lacrosse as a Reform Sport

    Lacrosse was seen as a suitable sport for reformers due to its toughness and distance from tavern life.

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    Amateur Athletic Associations

    Organizations like WAAA and IAAA aimed to regulate amateur sports and promote a middle-class vision of athletics.

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    Social Reformers and Athletics

    Social reformers wanted to align sports with moral values and prohibit practices like drinking and gambling.

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    George Dixon

    Dixon was the first Canadian to hold a world championship in professional boxing.

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    Ned Hanlan's Fame

    Ned Hanlan, a world champion rower, became Canada's most famous athlete in the late 1800s.

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    Professionalism vs. Commercialism

    Professionalism refers to paying athletes, while commercialism focuses on profit from sports activities.

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    Mass Media's Role in Sports

    The rise of mass media increased coverage and popularity of sports and athletes.

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    Uneven Growth of Professional Sports

    19th-century sports saw a slow and irregular development, primarily focusing on one-on-one contests.

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    Emergence of Sporting Goods Companies

    The growth of professional sports led to the establishment of companies producing sports equipment.

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    Woodstock Amateur Athletic Association

    Founded in 1884, this organization aimed to regulate and promote community sports.

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    Factors for Hanlan's Celebrity

    Hanlan's fame was aided by athletic success, technology, and media coverage.

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    Commercial Sport Spectacles

    Events designed for entertainment and profit in the sports industry.

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    Regulated Sports Conduct

    Clubs established rules promoting gentlemanly conduct and excluding vices like gambling.

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    The Role of Boosters

    Boosters supported athletes and events, often intertwining with gambling interests.

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    Amateurism in Team Sports

    The principle of maintaining non-professional status among players in amateur clubs.

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    Community-Based Teams

    By the late 1860s, teams began playing more against neighboring cities than within their own.

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    Professionalism in Baseball

    The shift from amateurism to a focus on paid players and professional status in the sport.

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    Amateur War in Canada

    The conflict between amateurism and professionalism in Canadian sports from 1906-09.

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    AAU vs. AAF

    The AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) advocated for strict amateurism while the AAF (Amateur Athletic Federation) accepted payment for players.

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    Rise of Toronto Sports

    Toronto emerged as a key player in developing organized amateur sports in Canada during the late 19th century.

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    George Orton's Achievements

    George Orton became Canada's first Olympic champion in 1900 and excelled in distance running.

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    Professional Sport Emergence

    Professional sport in Canada began to take shape in the 19th century with clear distinctions from amateur sports.

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    Public Participation in Sports

    Early Canadian sport involved diverse participation across social classes, often without organization.

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    Influence of Gambling

    The emergence of gambling in sports drew scrutiny and contributed to resistance against professionalism.

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    Nationalism through Sports

    Growth of amateur sports in Canada was intertwined with Canadian nationalism and identity in the early 20th century.

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    Toronto Lacrosse Club Victory

    In 1876, Toronto’s team defeated Montreal, marking a significant moment in Canadian sports history.

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    Evolving Nature of Sports

    Sports in Canada transitioned from preindustrial activities to organized practices recognizable today by the late 19th century.

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    Study Notes

    Impact of Industrialization on Sport, Recreation, and the Environment in 19th and Early 20th Century Canada

    • Industrialization and urbanization disrupted human-environment interactions significantly in late 19th and early 20th-century Canada.
    • Industrial development in Canada was uneven, primarily impacting urban areas first.
    • Canadian cities at the turn of the century presented stark contrasts: wealth and poverty, rural and urban residents, different social classes and beliefs.

    Urban Parks and Playing Fields

    • Municipalities struggled to meet growing recreation needs in cities.
    • Early attempts focused on securing land for parks and recreation facilities.
    • The British Parliament, in 1833, suggested parks for public health and recreation.
    • Public land use was tightly controlled by city councils regarding acceptable activities.
    • Debates revolved around land purchase costs and acceptable recreational activities.

    Parks and Playgrounds in London, Ontario

    • Initial attempts to establish parks faced limitations due to financial constraints.
    • Restrictions on access and activities were often imposed, reflecting middle-class values.
    • The location of Queen's Park reflected a preference for middle-class sports.

    Swimming in Hamilton Harbour

    • Local waterways and lakes served as primary recreational spaces.
    • Water quality concerns led to debates about public spending and health.
    • Swimming, as a recreational activity, gained respectability by the 1860s-70s, primarily among men.
    • Public regulations regarding swimming attire emerged, aiming to promote hygiene and public order.
    • Pollution ultimately made swimming unsafe.

    Building Playgrounds for Children

    • Playground movements were part of broader social reform initiatives.
    • These initiatives were driven by concerns about urban life's impact on children's well-being and morals.
    • Creating safe spaces for children outside of urban life became paramount.
    • Playgrounds were associated with social training and moral improvement, with a focus on children's character development.

    Hunting and Fishing: Escaping Industrial Society

    • Hunting and fishing became popular escapes from urban industrial pressures (work, pollution, crowding).
    • Advances in transportation (railways, steamships) facilitated tourism and commercialization of these activities.
    • Conservation efforts focused on preserving wildlife for sport hunting and tourism, often excluding Indigenous peoples.
    • Hunting and fishing were tied to maintaining social hierarchies and ideals of masculinity.

    Women, Fishing, and Tourism

    • Fishing was viewed as an acceptable recreation for elite British women, with connections to certain virtues.
    • Middle-class Canadian women exercised skill and mastery in fishing, often as visitors.
    • Women's activities reflected and influenced conservation efforts and tourism.
    • Tourism also commodified Indigenous peoples and their lands.

    Gentlemen Hunters and Indigenous Relationships to the Environment

    • Sports hunting symbolized masculinity and demonstrated a perceived superiority of white individuals.
    • Hunting imagery obscured Indigenous peoples' roles and relationships with nature and wildlife.
    • Indigenous hunting practices, aimed at survival, were viewed as "unsporting" by hunters from the dominant culture.
    • Contact and trade disrupted traditional Indigenous ecological knowledge.

    Outdoor Recreation into the 20th Century

    • New activities (Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, mountaineering, skiing, bicycling) emerged due to urban Canadians' desire for outdoor experiences.
    • Activities for scouts were often connected to patriotic duty and gendered roles.
    • Wilderness sports like mountaineering and skiing reflected growing competition and self-testing.
    • Bicycling reflected the desire for adventure and testing one's skills outside urban settings.

    Eugenics in Canada

    • Eugenic movements supported the reproductive rights of white Europeans and suppressed that of other populations.
    • Eugenics aimed to improve the quality of life for white Canadians.
    • The playground movement, though initially viewed positively, was also linked to racist and ableist ideologies aligned with eugenics.

    Impacts of Urbanization and Industrialization (Implications)

    • Urbanization and industrialization strained living conditions, creating major challenges for municipal governments.
    • Outdoor nature became a desired escape from urban-industrial life and for moral uplift.
    • Organized sports compensated for lost opportunities for outdoor activity, providing a way to maintain social norms, moral values, and respectable identities.
    • Sports, physical activity, and dietary restrictions offered solutions to perceived negative impacts of urban-industrial living.

    Early Municipal Public Spaces for Recreation

    • Public spaces, including fairs, industrial fairs, and designated land, emerged as venues for recreation.
    • Garrison Lands, cemeteries, etc. were sometimes used for recreation, often with city council permission.
    • Parks provided opportunities for escaping urban environments.

    Public Park Movement in Winnipeg and Manitoba

    • Debates in the late 20th century shaped park development.
    • Initial park land was often donated by private individuals or companies.
    • Civic investments in Winnipeg and Manitoba parks focused on landscaping and beautification.

    Influences on Development of Municipal Parks

    • Multiple interconnected factors fueled park development:
      • Commercially oriented parks.
      • City beautiful movement.
      • Residential amenity movement.
      • Mass recreation movement.
      • Park-playground movement.

    Early Winnipeg Private Parks (River Park, Elm Park, Happyland, Hyland Park)

    • Private individuals or groups initiated the creation of these parks.
    • These parks frequently served as commercial or amusement sites, integrating recreational elements with business/profit.

    Returning to Public Parks

    • Canada's first national park (Banff) and provincial parks reflect an increasing interest in wilderness preservation.
    • The idea of taming nature was prevalent, shaping designs to appeal to middle-class tastes and values. The emphasis was not on celebration of wilderness itself, but taming and controlling it.

    Suburban Parks

    • Park design principles, often based on Olmstead's ideas, were reflected in mid-20th century park design.
    • New park designs emphasized accessibility, aesthetics, and opportunities for structured outdoor activities.

    Actors in Parks Promotion

    • Private businesses, entrepreneurs, the "city beautiful" movement, and government agencies played roles in promoting parks and recreation spaces.

    Ideology of Public Parks

    • Designed to reflect appropriate middle-class values.
    • Providing structured recreation opportunities.

    Playground Movements

    • Driven by concerns about the negative impact of urban life on children, specifically those from working-class and immigrant families.
    • Middle-class reformers established playgrounds.
    • Playgrounds were a tool for socializing children and fostering particular social and moral values.

    Rereading the History: Cliquing Playgrounds

    • Playgrounds contributed to the "normalization" of Canadian children by instilling particular values and norms.
    • Playgrounds were tools for social engineering, aiming to shape children's behaviour and character development.

    Eugenics, in this context, the playground movement...

    • Playground movements linked to eugenic social ideology, targeting certain groups and reflecting biases of the time.

    Outdoor Recreation, Scouts, and Guides

    • Scouting programs reflected societal and gendered expectations regarding behaviour and character, training for citizenship, and promoting specific moral and social behaviours.
    • These programs were associated with military virtues and nationalistic ideals.
    • Gendered activities were structured, which created a separation of activities for boys and girls, based on pre-conceived expectations.

    Summer Camps in Ontario

    • Summer camps became a reflection of anti-modernist impulses.
    • These facilities presented a perceived escape from urban industrial life and its perceived negativity.
    • Promoted a romanticization of Indigenous culture to enhance the "authenticity" of the experience, even though it didn't fully portray Indigenous culture or its spiritual connection to the land.

    Educational Institutions in Ontario (to 1914)

    • Public and private schools aimed to prepare students for their roles in society.

    Introduction of Physical Education (PE) Curricula in Schools

    • PE curriculum began slowly, primarily focused on military-style drills and calisthenics.
    • The "German" gymnastics models presented a strong influence on early physical education, although they were adapted to fit Canadian contexts and needs.
    • PE emphasized discipline, obedience, and health, viewed as measures to foster virtuous citizens.

    The Method : Disciplinary Approach to Education

    • Emphasized discipline, obedience, and order through PE, also viewing health as a key component to achieving these qualities.

    Beginnings of Physical Education in Manitoba

    • Initial PE programs relied heavily on Ontario models, particularly on military-style drills and calisthenics.

    Morris Mott: Confronting Modern Problems Through Play

    • Increased recognition of the importance of play for addressing health issues associated with urban centres.
    • Physical education became linked with addressing physical health and character development.

    Importance of Rational Play

    • The emphasis remained on organized, supervised activities.
    • Play, in the organized context, was believed to foster discipline and promote good citizenship.

    Winnipeg's Urban Ills

    • Urban conditions in Winnipeg, such as sanitation, led to discussions about preventative measures and social behaviours.

    Professional Athletes (Early History)

    • Professionalism, meaning athletes who receive monetary compensation, slowly emerged in the 19th century.
    • Some aspects of professional sport existed before the 20th century.

    Factors enabling Hanlan's celebrity

    • Hanlan's celebrity combined athletic achievement with the emerging power of mass media and synergistic industries in promoting sporting events and individuals.

    The role of journalists and mass media (H.J.P.W. Good)

    • Some sports journalists played key roles in supporting and promoting sports-related events, and enabling the growth of sport and media interest and coverage.

    Professional Athletes- Commercial Spectacles

    • Athletes who competed for money became more visible as part of a spectacle.

    A Slow and Uneven Growth of Commercial Sport

    • Professional/commercial aspects of sport development demonstrated slow and sporadic growth as the 19th century ended.

    Baseball Civic Representatives

    • Baseball success was linked with civic pride and positive images for communities.

    Welcoming Professionals

    • Attitudes shifted toward accepting professional athletes, particularly as a way to foster a strong team identity.

    Entrepreneurial Interest

    • The pursuit of profit influenced local investments and development of sporting teams.

    The Amateur War

    • Conflicts and tensions over amateurism and professionalism significantly impacted organizing practices and ideologies around sporting.

    Distinct but Competing Ideologies

    • The clash between professional sport, and values like amateurism and citizenship, shaped the development of Canadian sport.

    The Emergence of Early Professional Sport

    • Professional sport emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, signifying a shift from earlier, non-commercialized versions of sport.

    Amateurism under threat

    • The values of amateurism came under threat as professional sport gained popularity.

    The triumph of the AAU

    • The AAU's victory solidified amateurism's role in the organization of sporting activities in Canada.

    Toronto's growing strength

    • Toronto's influence impacted sports leadership.

    Athletes, Sport Leaders, U of T leadership role

    • University and college institutions played an important role in shaping Canadian sport through training, facilities, and sporting achievements.

    The Development and Organization of Professional Sport

    • Professional sport ultimately gained prominence, fundamentally changing how sport was organized and understood in Canada.

    The Spread of Amateurism

    • Amateurism, promoting values of excellence, citizenship, and fair play, played a pivotal role in the rise of organized sport.

    The Reform Impulse

    • Reform movements sought to use sport to address social and moral issues, shaping practices in education, especially around youth.

    The Leadership

    • Many of the leaders and organizers of early Canadian sport came from the middle class, sharing similar backgrounds.

    The Reform Agenda

    • Reformers promoted amateur sport to shape social behaviours and promote a particular vision of class identity and culture, particularly regarding social order and moral uplift.

    The Last Impact

    • Lasting legacies from the late 19th century continue to inform strategies about social reform through play.

    Resistance

    • Resistance to the social and cultural aspects of reform efforts emerged through various means and practices.

    Commercial Sport Spectacles

    • Public spectacles became increasingly important in 19th-century professional sport.

    Important Distinction: Professionalism vs. Commercialism

    • The meanings of professional and commercial practices in sport were not always the same.

    Factors enabling Hanlan's celebrity

    • Hanlan's fame was facilitated by a combination of athletic achievement, technological advances (rail travel), publicity, and emerging media.

    Negative Press Regarding Baseball

    • Some viewed baseball as an unwanted American influence, questioning its respectability and moral values.

    Baseball's (lack of) Appeal

    • Some groups viewed professional sport as promoting behaviours not aligned with particular social norms.

    Ideology and the Emergence of Cricket, Lacrosse, and Baseball

    • The development of these sports was deeply intertwined with ideological conflicts over Canadian identity, British Empire loyalties, and continental influences (American).

    Cricket and Imperialism

    • Cricket's popularity in Canada mirrored its role in British culture, reinforcing imperial ties.

    Shifting Values, Sport, and Moral Character

    • Sport was used to promote values like muscular Christianity and moral character development.

    Lacrosse and Canadian Nationalism

    • Lacrosse was viewed as a symbol of Canadian nationalism and identity.

    Amateurism vs. Professionalism (Lacrosse)

    • The shift from amateur to professional attitudes in lacrosse reflected broader social and economic changes.

    Expulsion of First Nations Clubs

    • Indigenous participation in organized lacrosse faced challenges and exclusion from governance.

    Policing the Professionals

    • Attempts to regulate and control professionalism in lacrosse emphasized amateur ideals and social hierarchy.

    Baseball and Continentalism

    • Baseball's popularity reflected links with American culture and practices.

    Baseball's Prevalence in Politics

    • The growth of baseball in Canada was influenced by similar developments in the United States.

    Rules and Variations in Baseball

    • Baseball's rules and styles varied across Canada, initially reflecting regional variations and American influence.

    Civic Pride and Baseball

    • Baseball's popularity contributed to civic pride and local identity.

    Beyond Ontario

    • Baseball's influence extended beyond Ontario, with active participation by other communities.

    Beyond Men: Women's Baseball

    • Women's involvement in baseball was limited due to prevailing social attitudes and segregation in attendance.

    Pre-Confederation Settler-Colonial Canada: Physical Activity

    • Pre-Confederation sport generally reflected socially acceptable activities or activities for social reasons in an elite culture.

    Making of Modern Sport

    • Industrialization and urbanization contributed to the development of modern sport practices.

    English Public-school Sport Culture

    • Ideas about sport spread through public schools, where it became an instrument to shape ideas of moral character, discipline, and teamwork.

    Material Conditions for Modern Sport

    • Industrial innovations (manufacturing of equipment) and infrastructure (transport) further developed modern contexts for sport.

    Making of Modern Sport

    • Modern sport evolved from existing games and recreational activities.

    Nationalistic and imperial sport values

    • A strong sense of national identity influenced the development and prioritization of certain sport activities.

    Colonial relations

    • The relations between colonizer and colonized affected the understanding of leisure and sport.

    Montreal and Modern Sport in Canada

    • Montreal played a critical role in developing early Canadian sport practices and organizations.

    Why Montreal?

    • Montreal’s role in Canadian sport is linked to demographic strength, political influence, and location within the British empire.

    Nationalists

    • Nationalistic thought promoted the idea of a uniquely Canadian sport and identity.

    Sport as a National Signifier

    • Different types of sport became linked to particular cultural identities, such as Canada's national identity.

    Performativity and Appropriation

    • Certain sports were presented as embodying specific national or indigenous identities (often misrepresenting them).
    • There was a form of cultural appropriation and a performance of Indigenous identities to express particular ideas.

    Early 1850s–70s Sporting Communities

    • Social sporting activities were developing amongst the middle class.

    Amateurism as Regulation

    • Amateur regulations attempted to define and control participation. These rules were designed to make sure people played in a certain way(notably excluding professionals).

    Amateurism as Ideology

    • Amateur sport ideals promoted particular social and civic values.

    1880s-1910s: Pursuing Winning/Democratizing Playing

    • Sport competition increasingly became a focus.

    Shifting Values, Sport, and Moral Character

    • Shifting public values influenced the ways sport was organized and practiced.

    Amateurism under Threat

    • Issues with amateurism, including conflicts within sport associations, arose as professionalism and commercialism grew.

    The Amateur War in Canada (1906–09)

    • The "Amateur War" highlights tensions between proponents of amateurism and those embracing professionalism.

    Why the AAU Won

    • Several factors contributed to the AAU's victory over the AAF, including the strategic strength of Ontario-based sport clubs and support for the Amateur Athletic Union's approach.

    Toronto vs Montreal (Athletes, Sport Leaders)

    • Toronto often rivalled Montreal in terms of sporting leadership and accomplishments in various sports and organizations.

    U of T: Leadership Role

    • The University of Toronto played a role in promoting and organizing Canadian amateur sports.

    The Development and Organization of Professional Sport

    • The rise of professional sport in Canada was a multifaceted event, motivated by diverse factors, business interests, and public engagement with sports as commodities and spectacles.
    • Professional sport became increasingly important, affecting Canada's sporting landscape.

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