Industrial Security: Definitions and Concepts

• SECURE comes from the Latin SECURUS, meaning "SAFE" or "WITHOUT CARE," or SECURA, meaning "FREE FROM" and where CURA means CARE.
• Industry is a branch of an economy producing closely related raw materials, goods, or services.
• Economy is the structure or conditions of economic life in a country.
• Industrial means pertaining to or engaged in industry.
• Security is a state of being secured with the freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, or destruction.
• Security measures are essential for achieving goals when an individual or organization is at risk.
• Management involves the skillful use of means to achieve a purpose.
• Industrial security refers to security measures applied to business industries.

Related Concepts

• Assets are tangible or intangible items capable of being owned, controlled, or producing value.
• Risk is the uncertainty of financial loss, or the probability of an undesirable event occurring.
• Threat is anything that could adversely affect assets.
• Vulnerability is a weakness or flaw that can be exploited by a threat.

Theories

• Risk Theory focuses on understanding, analyzing, and managing risk in various contexts like economics and finance.
• Crisis Theory studies the theoretical aspects of crisis research, focusing on the nature and causes of crises.
• Casualty Theory evolved from the Latin word "CAUSA," where cause and effect are mutually connected.
• According to this theory, every event has at least one cause, and every cause has future consequences.

History

• The need for security is as old as human history.
• Humanity has always been exposed to dangers, and the methods for securing life are as old as policing.
• Ancient tribes assigned able-bodied males to guard crops and defend against animals.
• Early weapons included wood, stones, metal traps, spring shuts and wooden fences and natural barriers.

18th Century

• The agricultural revolution increased crop production but also increased theft, thus creating a need for additional/improved security.
• The industrial revolution shifted livelihoods, leading to urbanization and rising crime, especially in London.
• Europe hired thief catchers, marking the beginning of private security work
• Settlers in the American West faced violent crimes due to weak law enforcement.
• Vigilante groups and later Pinkerton's Detective Agency formed in the US.

Philippines

• Hacenderos (landowners) in the 1930s needed protection for their farms.
• Under American occupation, mining camps and industries hired security personnel.
• After WWII, there was increased hiring of security personnel without strict regulations.
• City mayors were responsible for providing working permits to security personnel.

Modernization

• March 11, 1933 marked the start of private security businesses with "special watchmen agencies" which then evolved.
• Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators (PADPAO) was organized on May 30, 1958.
• PADPAO is Self Governing, Self Regulating, and Self Policing
• All security agencies must register with PADPAO, including guards, watchmen, supervisors, and managers.
• R.A. 5487, The Private Security Agency Law, was enacted June 21, 1969 and amended later
• Security guards became involved in various sectors like logging, agriculture, mining, and pasture lands.
• P.D. 100 amended (R.A. 5487), broadening the coverage to government employees securing government properties.

Agencies

• Philippine Constabulary organized the PCSIASO on August 4, 1969.
• PCSIASO became PCSOSIA, and then PCUSIA (Philippine Constabulary Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation Agencies).
• May 31, 1996, created SAGSD, which later became SOSIA.
• CSG (Civil Security Group) under the PNP controls firearms, explosives, and private security industries.
• Under CSG, PNPSOSIA focuses on security guards/agencies and PNPFEO handles firearms and explosives,

Legislation

• R.A. 11917 strengthens private security service industry regulations effective July 30, 2022.
• PADPAO Security agencies registered as of 2024 totaled approximately 2000 agencies with 560,000 security guards and 124 private security training institutions.
• Security is the protection of individuals, organizations, and properties against external threats.
• Safety is the feeling of being protected.
• Active measures consist of physical barriers.
• Passive measures deter by instilling fear of consequences.

Legal Basis in the Philippines

• Natural authority dictates self-preservation.
• Constitutional authority mandates government to serve and protect people and rights.
• Statutory authority includes the Revised Penal Code and Private Security Agency Law.
• Presidential Decree also defines the laws

Major Areas of Industrial Security

• Physical Security: Prevents unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, and documents to safeguard against espionage and theft.
• Personnel security: This determines the suitability of applicants or employees based on procedures, inquiries, and criteria.
• Document and information security: Focuses on policies and practices to safeguard classified information and documents.

Various Types of Security

• Physical Security: Broadest branch concerning physical measures.
• Communication Security: Prevents unauthorized access to information through communication systems. -Transmission security is a component of communication security that results from all measures designed to protect transmission
• Cryptographic security: It is the result from the provision of technically sound crypto-system and their proper use.
• Physical security: It is the provision of safeguards to equipment and materials from access b unauthorized persons.
• Hotel Security: Protects assets, guests, and properties from pilferage or damages, using house detectives, uniformed guards, and supervisors

Additional Securities

• Bank Security: Secures assets, personnel, and operations of a bank.
• Document Security: Protects documents and classified papers from loss, theft, or unauthorized access.
• Personal Security: Protects individuals, especially ranking officials, from harm or kidnap.
• Crises Security: Involves hostage and kidnapping situations.
• Industrial Security: Security for industries like manufacturing, research, and agriculture.
• Operational Security: Protects processes, patents, and manufacturing activities from espionage and loss
• Specialized Security:
• Air cargo security minimizes losses during transit or storage.
• School security responds to violent crimes against students along with theft and vandalism
• Supermarket security is in response to the mushrooming of bazaars, marts, super malls, and the like.

Physical Security

• Physical security uses physical measures to prevent unauthorized access and safeguard against espionage, sabotage and damage.
• Enemy agents can access and acquire information.
• There is no impenetrable barrier

Principles of Security

• Defense in depth involves multiple barriers.
• Surreptitious entry is unobservable, while non-surreptitious entry is observable.

Barriers in Security

• Barriers are physical structures that restrict or prevent unauthorized access.
• Natural barriers consist of natural obstructions, while man-made barriers involve structural construction.
• Specific natural barriers: mountains, cliffs, seas and deserts.
• Specific Man-made barriers: walls, ceilings, doors and fences

Human, Animal and Energy Barriers

• Human barriers include guards and shop workers.
• Animal barriers involve trained guard dogs.
• Energy barriers consist of electrical and electronic devices for intrusion detection.

Levels of Physical Security

• Minimum Security: Impedes simple intrusion.
• Low Level Security: Used in small retail and warehouses.
• Medium Security: Protects against shoplifting and sabotage.
• High Level Security: Detects unauthorized activities in prisons and defense contractors.
• Maximum Security: Employs sophisticated alarm systems and on-site response forces.

Perimeter Barrier

• A perimeter barrier defines the physical limits of an area.
• First line of defense: included allperimeter barriers.
• Second line of defense: includes the building exterior
• Third line of defense: includes internal control measures.

Perimeter Barriers

• Security managers must monitor perimeter openings like windows and roofs.
• Clear zones of 20ft (or more) should exist between perimeter barriers and exterior structures as well as 50ft (or more) between structures in protected areas except where the building wall is the border.
• Fences control physical and visual access: solid fences deny visual access, while full-view fences permit visual access

Fences

• Chain-link fences should 7-feet, 9 gauge or heavier that is constructed of chain-link barbed wire with small opening.
• Barbed wire for fencing should be twisted, double-stand 12 gauge wire with 4 point barbs spaced on equal distance apart affixed firmly to posts no less than 7ft high

Physical Barriers

• Building walls, floors, roofs act as barriers
• Bodies of water like lakes may not be considered adequate
• Top guard consists of barbed wire overhangs
• Guard control stations secure main entrances.
• Signs are erected where necessary In the management of unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental entry.

Perimeter Guards

• Perimeter guards augment perimeter security, with fixed posts and roving patrols around the company.
• Restricted areas are controlled for security, with exclusion areas for TOP SECRET matters.
• Limited area control needs a lower degree of security in exclusion areas.

Security Lighting

• Protective lighting is a means of continuing illumination during hours of darkness.
• It should has less intensity than working light, except for identification.
• Needs at installation and facilities depend upon each Situation and the areas to be protected.

Types of Security Lighting

• Stationary Luminary: continuous light for a given area.
• Glare projection type focuses intensity on intruders.
• Controlled lighting controls the width and lighting top.
• Stand-by lighting: is similar to continuous lighting but in turned on manually
• Movable lighting: consists of stationary or portable manually operated search light or can be lighted continuously during hours of darkness
• Emergency Lighting: a stand by lighting could be utilized in the event of electrical failure either due to local equipment or commercial power failure.

General Types of Lighting

• Incandescent Lights: low initial cost and provide good color rendition.
• Mercury Vapor Lamps: provide a purplish color.
• Metal halide is a light source of higher luminous efficiency and better color rendition
• Flourescent Lamp provides good color.
• High pressure sodium vapor: emits golden white to pink color
• Low pressure sodium vapor: produces yellow
• Quarts lamps produce a very bright light

Types of Lighting Equipment

• Flood lights: used for outdoor security lighting
• street light: produce diffused light than directional beam
• Search lights: are incandescent lights that provide a type crime
• Alarms are sound of security or warning device

Types of Intrusion Alarm Systems

• Breaking an electrical circuit through a metallic foil or wire
• Interruption of light beam of photo cell through a photoelectric or electric eye device
• Vibration detection device; detects any vibration caused by attempted forced entry
• Space and motion detectors
• Foot rail activator
• Bill traps or currency activation devices
• Knee or thigh button
• Foot Button
• Double squeeze buttons

Alarm Detection Systems

• Central station system - a type of protective alarm system where the central station is located outside the installation subscribers
• Proprietary System- function in the same way as the central system except that is owned.
• Local alarm system - consists of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected,
• Auxiliary system are led into local police or fire department.
• Local alarm - by- chance system - this is a local alarm system in which a bell siren is sounded
• Dial alarm system - this system is set to dial a predestined number when the alarm is activated.

Fire Alarm Systems

• Fire alarm systems help detect fires or anything that causes fire such as smoke or unusual rising of temperature.
• Private fire protection system

Fire Suppression

• Automatic sprinkling system - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping
• Automatic sprinkler - which work by the increase of room temperature and which automatically operates the system to, put out fire,
• Wet Pipe system - the piping has water with pressure, and the water sprinkler will operate when head is opened and water will continue to flow until shut-off.
• Dry Pipe System - the pipes are filled with air under pressure which holds the water at a value located in a room, when sprinklers head goes into operation, air is released, trapping the dry pipe value and allowing water to flow through the system.
• Fire Pumps - are mechanical device of supplying water which can be manual or motor-driven
• Standpipe - are galvanized iron steel or plastic pipes located inside a building from the lowest to top floor with water for firefighting
• Fire Hydrant - is a mechanical device strategically located
• Portable hand extinguishers - this is a fire fighting equipment which can be portable