Industrial Revolution Vocabulary

• Anesthetic: A drug used to prevent pain during surgery.
• Antiseptic: A substance that prevents infection.
• Assembly Line: A production method involving workers repeatedly performing specific tasks.
• Cottage Industries: Small-scale production of goods done at home
• Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney's invention, separates cotton fibres from seeds.
• Seed Drill: An invention designed to plant seeds in neat, orderly rows, therefore improving farming efficiency.
• Steam Engine: A machine powered by steam, used in factories and for transportation
• Strikes: Occur when workers stop operations in order to protest working conditions or pay.
• Telegraph: Invention used to send messages over long distances.
• Capitalism: An economic system is based on private ownership and profit.
• Laissez-Faire: An economic policy advocating for minimal government interference in business.
• Socialism: An economic system where the government owns and controls key industries.
• Utilitarianism: A philosophy that advocates for actions promoting the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
• Factory Act of 1833: A law limiting child labor in factories.
• Mines Act of 1842: Legislation banning women and children from working in coal mines
• National Child Labor Committee: An organization focused on improving child labor laws
• Ten Hours Act of 1847: Legislation that limited the workday for women and children to 10 hours in Britain
• Alexander Graham Bell: Inventor of the telephone
• Thomas Edison: Inventor of the electric light bulb and other innovations.
• Henry Ford: Innovator in automobile manufacturing and popularized the assembly line
• Samuel Morse: Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code.
• Louis Pasteur: Developed germ theory and pasteurization
• Richard Trevithick: An engineer who built the first steam-powered locomotive
• Jethro Tull: Inventor of the seed drill, improving farming efficiency
• James Watt: Improved the steam engine, making it more efficient.
• Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin, significantly impacting cotton production
• Wright Brothers: Invented the first successful airplane.
• Industrial Revolution: A period of major industrial and technological advancements in the 18th and 19th centuries.
• Factors of Production: Resources like land, labor, and capital that are used in any form of production.
• Stockholder: An individual or entity that owns shares within a company.
• Aristotle: A Greek philosopher revered for contributions to numerous fields of knowledge.
• Tycho Brahe: A Danish astronomer known for his precise planetary observations.
• Copernicus: Proposed the heliocentric model, positioning the sun at the center of the solar system.
• William Harvey: Discovered the circulation of blood in the human body
• Robert Hooke: Physicist and philosopher known for Hooke's law and his work in microscopy
• Robert Boyle: Founder of modern chemistry and known for Boyle's law about gases.
• Isaac Newton: Developed laws of motion and universal gravitation
• Antoine Lavoisier: He is considered the father of modern chemistry and discovered the law of conservation of mass.
• Francis Bacon: Philosopher credited with developing the scientific method.
• Edward Jenner: Developed the first vaccine, which was for smallpox
• Galileo Galilei: Improved the telescope and supported the heliocentric theory
• Anders Celsius: Developed the Celsius temperature scale
• Rene Descartes: Philosopher and mathematician, known for "Cogito, ergo sum."
• Johannes Kepler: Mathematician known for laws of planetary motion
• Voltaire: An Enlightenment thinker advocating for freedom of speech and religion.
• John Locke: Philosopher who influenced ideas about government and human rights.
• Montesquieu: Philosopher that is known for the theory of separation of powers in government.
• Thomas Hobbes: Philosopher that wrote Leviathan and had views on absolute monarchy
• Mary Wollstonecraft: Early feminist, she advocated for women's rights and education
• Law of Universal Gravitation: States that every mass attracts every other mass, with force proportional to their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Influence of Enlightenment Thinkers on the U.S. Constitution:

• John Locke: Advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property).
• Montesquieu: Known for the separation of powers in government.
• Rousseau: Argued for social contract and popular sovereignty.
• Voltaire: Supporter of freedom of speech and religion.
• Beccaria: Stood against cruel and unusual punishment.

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Theories:

• Geocentric: Positions Earth at the center of the universe.
• Heliocentric: Positions the Sun at the center of the universe.

Industrial Revolution

• First area of major industrialization occurred in Britain.
• Britain was first to industrialize due to natural resources, stable government, capital for investment, workforce, technology, and colonial markets.
• Improvements: New machinery, factories, steam engines, transportation (railroads), and mass production
• Worldwide Impact: This led to urbanization, increased production, better transportation, and altered social/economic structures.