AA2 - História

4 Questions

Quais foram os fatores reponsáveis pela industrialização na Inglaterra? (Grã Betanha)

O mercantilismo inglês; As transformações decorrentes das revoluções inglesas; Inovações tecnológicas; Acesso a matérias primas (reserva de carvão e ferro); Eficiência na acumulação de capitais.

Quais foram consequências da Revolução Industrial para as condições de vida dos trabalhadores?

Precarização das relações de trabalho (longas jornadas, baixo salário, acidentes e violência); Crescimento urbano e populacional sem planejamento, levando a desigualdade; Doenças como tuberculose, varíola e gripe; Perda de autonomia dos trabalhadores (alienação às indústrias).

Quais foram as formas de lutas operárias no século XIX?

O ludismo: os trabalhadores quebravam e destruiam máquinas (de forma organizada) como forma de reação à exploração industrial. Foi um dos primeiros movimentos operários; O cartismo: caracterizado por reuniões, greves e petições tais como a "Carta do Povo", reinvindicando direitos políticos e sociais aos trabalhadores. Buscavam o voto secreto, o voto universal masculino, a remuneração dos parlamentares e ampliação do acesso aos cargos legislativos; As Trade-Unions (também conhecidas como sindicatos): eram associações de trabalhadores que realizavam greves e manifestações para que os empregadores atendessem as suas demandas; Diversas formas de sabotagem às máquinas;

Quais são os fatores da crise colonial no Brasil? Cite fatores externos e internos.

Fatores externos: Ideias iluministas; Pressões inglesas sobre o monopólio comercial português decorrentes da industrialização; A expansão napoleônica que levou à fuga da família real; Os movimentos de libertação. Fatores internos: Contradições entre os interesses coloniais e as intervenções metropolitanas; A decadência da mineração que gerou dívidas; As conjurações mineira e baiana, entre outras revoltas.

Study Notes

Factors Responsible for Industrialization in England (Great Britain)

Availability of natural resources, such as coal and iron ore, which powered steam engines and fueled industrial growth
Development of transportation infrastructure, including canals and railroads, which facilitated the movement of goods and people
Agricultural revolution, which led to increased food production and allowed for the growth of a non-agricultural workforce
Availability of a large workforce, including women and children, who were willing to work in factories for low wages
Investment in education and technology, which enabled the development of new machinery and production techniques

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution for Workers' Living Conditions

Long working hours (up to 16 hours a day) and low wages
Poor working conditions, including overcrowding, lack of ventilation, and exposure to hazardous materials
Lack of job security and benefits, including no sick leave, paid holidays, or pensions
Growth of urban slums, as workers moved from rural areas to cities for work
Increased incidence of diseases, such as tuberculosis and cholera, due to poor sanitation and living conditions

Forms of Workers' Struggles in the 19th Century

Formation of trade unions, which allowed workers to organize and negotiate for better wages and working conditions
Strikes and protests, which were often met with violence by the government and factory owners
Development of socialist and communist ideologies, which emphasized the need for workers to overthrow the capitalist system
Creation of labor laws and regulations, which protected workers' rights and set minimum standards for wages and working conditions

Factors Contributing to the Colonial Crisis in Brazil

External Factors

Decline of the Portuguese Empire and loss of its colonies in the 19th century
Rise of British and American economic and political influence in Brazil
End of the slave trade and abolition of slavery in 1888, which led to a labor shortage
Increased competition from other coffee-producing countries, which led to a decline in Brazilian coffee exports

Internal Factors

Concentration of land ownership among a few wealthy elites
Dependence on a single crop (coffee) for export revenue
Lack of investment in education, infrastructure, and technology
Social and economic inequality between whites and non-whites, which led to social unrest and rebellion