Industrial Revolution and Key Innovations

Eli Whitney was a scientist who made the first musket of interchangeable parts. His invention was significant because it allowed for the mass production of tools by unskilled workers.

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Mass production is the production of goods in large quantities.

<p>The Industrial Revolution was a period of social and economic reorganization marked by the replacement of hand tools with machines and the rise of large-scale factory production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cotton Gin was a machine that made it possible to sell short-staple cotton for a profit as a Southern farmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henry Clay was a House Speaker who promoted the American System and rallied behind it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The American System was a plan to unite the different regions of the country and create a strong, stable economy. It included developing transportation systems, establishing a protective tariff, and reviving the national bank.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The National Road was a federally funded highway that connected different regions of the country by land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Erie Canal was a 363-mile-long canal that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff designed to help pay for internal improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nationalism is the belief that national interests should be prioritized over regional concerns or the interests of other countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Adams-Onis Treaty was an agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States and renounced its claims in the Oregon Territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement that declared the Americas and Europe had distinct spheres of influence. It prohibited European powers from establishing new colonies in the Western Hemisphere and asserted that the United States would not interfere in European affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Missouri Compromise was a series of agreements that temporarily resolved the crisis over slavery in the United States. It admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in any state north of the 36°30' parallel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Andrew Jackson was a popular military hero who won the election of 1828 but lacked the electoral college votes. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party after his supporters were outraged by the House of Representatives voting against him.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spoils system is a practice where incoming officials replace former appointees with their own friends and supporters. Jackson fired nearly 10% of federal employees, mostly those appointed by Adams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Indian Removal Act, passed in 1830, authorized the federal government to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes that would force them to move west.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Trail of Tears refers to the forced relocation of the Cherokee people from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in 1838. It was a tragic journey marked by hardship, disease, and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tariff of Abominations was a high protective tariff passed by Congress in 1828. It forced the South to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods, angering Southern politicians who believed it benefited the North at the expense of the South.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bank of the United States (BUS) was a national bank chartered by Congress. President Andrew Jackson opposed the bank and vetoed the bill to recharter it, leading to a fierce political battle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Panic of 1837 was a severe economic depression that began in May 1837. Banks stopped accepting paper currency, leading to bank closings, credit system collapse, and widespread unemployment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 severely disrupted American shipping and foreign trade. The embargo prohibited Americans from sending goods to Europe, while the war saw British naval blockades of the American coastline, preventing ships from leaving US harbors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manufacturing in New England developed as citizens heavily relied on shipping and foreign trade, and agriculture was not highly profitable. The creation of textile factories by British immigrants and the invention of machines for textile production spurred its growth. This attracted thousands of young women to work in factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slavery was abolished in the North due to a combination of factors: farmers had little economic motivation to use slaves, and many Northerners voiced their political and religious opinions against slavery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The South had a more favorable climate for agriculture with long, hot summers and heavy rainfall, making it ideal for large-scale plantation agriculture. The North had a colder climate with a shorter growing season and was less suited for extensive agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Northern agriculture focused on small farms that didn't require much maintenance for profit. Southern agriculture relied heavily on cotton production, using the Cotton Gin to grow short-staple cotton for profit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The North manufactured goods such as textiles, machinery, and tools, which were sold to farmers in the South and West. The South produced most of the grain, meat, and cotton needed in the North.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advances in technology and changes in regional economies, driven by the Industrial Revolution, led to a shift in population from rural areas to urban centers. The growth of factories and industries created job opportunities in cities, attracting people from rural areas seeking better pay and a more varied lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>President Monroe's short-term goals in formulating the Monroe Doctrine likely included avoiding conflict with European powers and protecting American trade interests. Long-term goals may have included promoting American expansion without European interference and deterring future European colonization attempts in the Western Hemisphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Missouri Compromise included admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and prohibiting slavery in any territory north of the 36°30' parallel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Based on the Missouri Compromise and the controversy surrounding it, the spirit of nationalism in the United States appears to have been fragile. The country was deeply divided over the issue of slavery, and the compromise itself did little to resolve the fundamental conflict. It merely postponed a larger confrontation. This suggests that the unity of the country was far from secure and a fracture along sectional lines was a real possibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing property requirements for voting would likely lead to increased voter participation in political campaigns. This could make campaigns more competitive and require candidates to appeal to a broader range of voters, potentially leading to changes in campaign strategies, such as targeting specific demographics or focusing on issues that resonate with a larger population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jackson believed Native Americans should move west of the Mississippi for a number of reasons: He felt they were not adapting to American culture, he desired their land for expansion, and he believed their presence was an obstacle to economic progress and development. He also viewed Native Americans as inherently incapable of self-governance and thus unable to live peacefully alongside white settlers. He believed that removal would be a solution to the perceived problems, despite the hardships it would cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cherokee largely resisted the Indian Removal Act. They actively tried to fight for fair treatment and legal recognition within the United States. Although they won some legal victories, like their recognition as a sovereign nation, Jackson ultimately ignored these rulings and continued his policy of forced removal. The Cherokee were ultimately forced from their lands on the Trail of Tears, a journey filled with hardship and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Tariff crisis of 1828 and 1832 were important milestones in American history before the Civil War because they further divided the North and South. The North's support for protective tariffs to protect its industries, while the South opposed them, highlighting economic and philosophical differences between the two regions. They showed that the country was becoming increasingly unable to address important issues through compromise, setting the stage for a larger conflict to come.</p> Signup and view all the answers