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Questions and Answers
What technological advancement significantly contributed to the mechanization of manufacturing during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What technological advancement significantly contributed to the mechanization of manufacturing during the Second Industrial Revolution?
Which of the following strategies did corporations use to gain control over their competition and the market?
Which of the following strategies did corporations use to gain control over their competition and the market?
What was the primary goal of scientific management during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the primary goal of scientific management during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was a significant consequence of the lack of government regulations during the early Second Industrial Revolution?
What was a significant consequence of the lack of government regulations during the early Second Industrial Revolution?
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Which demographic groups filled the majority of unskilled industrial jobs during this period?
Which demographic groups filled the majority of unskilled industrial jobs during this period?
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What was one of the major challenges faced by American workers during the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was one of the major challenges faced by American workers during the Second Industrial Revolution?
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What contributed to the rise of nativist sentiments during the Gilded Age?
What contributed to the rise of nativist sentiments during the Gilded Age?
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What were some of the key reasons behind the Spanish-American War?
What were some of the key reasons behind the Spanish-American War?
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Which significant act did Congress pass in 1875 related to immigration?
Which significant act did Congress pass in 1875 related to immigration?
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What was one of the main challenges faced by cities during urbanization?
What was one of the main challenges faced by cities during urbanization?
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What was the outcome for Cuba as a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1898?
What was the outcome for Cuba as a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1898?
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Which group did Theodore Roosevelt lead during the Spanish-American War?
Which group did Theodore Roosevelt lead during the Spanish-American War?
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Which movement organized farmers against railroad monopolies during the Gilded Age?
Which movement organized farmers against railroad monopolies during the Gilded Age?
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Which was NOT a focus of the Progressive Era reforms?
Which was NOT a focus of the Progressive Era reforms?
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What ideology supported nativism during the period discussed?
What ideology supported nativism during the period discussed?
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Which policy was a pivotal aim of the Populist Party?
Which policy was a pivotal aim of the Populist Party?
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What was the primary role of muckrakers during the Progressive Era?
What was the primary role of muckrakers during the Progressive Era?
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Which legislation was influenced by Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle'?
Which legislation was influenced by Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle'?
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Which of the following was NOT a cause of World War I?
Which of the following was NOT a cause of World War I?
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Which event was a key factor in the United States entering World War I?
Which event was a key factor in the United States entering World War I?
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What was a major outcome of the Treaty of Versailles?
What was a major outcome of the Treaty of Versailles?
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Which economic trend characterized the United States in the 1920s?
Which economic trend characterized the United States in the 1920s?
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What slogan reflected American outrage over German actions prior to entering World War I?
What slogan reflected American outrage over German actions prior to entering World War I?
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Which group was primarily responsible for deciding the terms of the post-World War I world?
Which group was primarily responsible for deciding the terms of the post-World War I world?
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Identify a cultural characteristic of the Roaring Twenties.
Identify a cultural characteristic of the Roaring Twenties.
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Study Notes
Second Industrial Revolution
- Mechanized manufacturing: Bessemer steel process helped mechanize manufacturing.
- Scientific Management: Improved worker efficiency and productivity, but dehumanized workers.
- Business Evolution: Corporations sought monopolies through horizontal and vertical integration.
- Limited Government Regulations: Few government regulations on anti-competitive practices, though some were attempted (e.g., Sherman Antitrust Act).
- Negative Impacts on Laborers: Low wages, long hours, dangerous working conditions, and lack of worker protections.
- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Tragedy: 146 workers died, leading to some workplace fire safety regulations.
- Labor Unions: Workers formed unions to improve conditions.
- Growing Opportunities: Some new opportunities arose in white-collar work, despite hardships.
Immigration during the Gilded Age
- Xenophobia and Nativism: Prejudice and suspicion against Chinese and Eastern European immigrants.
- Nativism: Favoring established inhabitants over immigrants.
- Social Darwinism: Another ideology supporting nativism.
- Immigration Laws: The Page Act (1875) and Chinese Exclusion Act regulated immigration.
- Immigrant Experiences: Immigrants faced challenges and sought better lives in America.
- Ellis Island and Angel Island: Key immigration ports.
Urbanization
- Concentration of People in Cities: A shift in population and economic power.
- Rural-to-Urban Migration: People moved from rural areas to cities seeking opportunities.
- Growth from Immigration: City growth was predominantly due to immigration.
- Insufficient Infrastructure: Cities lacked clean water, sanitation, and adequate housing.
- Slums and Diseases: Cities became dangerous slums, with rampant disease.
- Urban Planning: Awareness led to urban planning and improvements.
- Public Services & Transportation: New public service departments and improved transportation.
- Parks and Housing Improvements: Better housing regulations and parks.
Spanish-American War
- Causes: Desire for Cuban independence, U.S. territorial ambitions, Yellow Journalism (exaggerated news), and the U.S.S. Maine explosion.
- Yellow Journalism: exaggerated headlines and stories, often false.
- War Locations: Caribbean and Pacific.
- Quick U.S. Victory: The U.S. defeated Spain quickly.
- Casualties: Disease, such as yellow fever and typhoid, were major casualties.
- Treaty of Paris (1898): Cuba's independence, U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (U.S. paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines).
- U.S. Emergence as a World Power: The U.S. became a world power.
- War Hero Theodore Roosevelt: Led the Rough Riders.
- Filipino-American War: The U.S. fought the Philippines for independence (1899-1901).
Farmers' Issues and the Populist Party
- Economic and Political Hardships: Farmers faced decreasing prices and policies favoring industry.
- Granger Movement & Farmers' Alliances: Early farmer organizations to fight monopolistic practices and detrimental policies.
- Granger Laws and Supreme Court Ruling: State-level laws to address problems were overturned by the court.
- Populist Party: Advocated for free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and direct election of senators.
- Populist Candidate James Weaver: Won significant votes in the 1892 election.
- 1896 Election and Populism's End: Democratic candidate Bryan co-opted free silver, ending the Populist movement.
Progressivism
- Political Philosophy: Focus on improving society through reform.
- Key Figures: William Jennings Bryan, Robert La Follette, and Theodore Roosevelt.
- Reforms: Addressing child labor, working hours, and social issues (e.g., alcoholism),
- Women's Suffrage: Gaining of women's right to vote.
- Inequality for People of Color: Little change for people of color.
Muckrakers and Progressive Reforms
- Gilded Age Corruption: Widespread, and the need for reform.
- Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and bad business practices.
- Key Muckrakers and Publications: Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, and McClure's magazine.
- Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil: Tarbell's work led to Standard Oil's breakup.
- Upton Sinclair and The Jungle: Exposed poor quality food and spurred reforms.
- Legislation from Muckrakers' Work: Pure Food and Drug Act, and Meat Inspection Act.
World War I Causes and U.S. Entry
- Main Causes (4): Alliances, Nationalism, Militarism, and Imperialism.
- Factors & American Neutrality: Initial attempts to stay neutral.
- American Sentiment: Strong sympathies with the British.
- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: German attacks on merchant ships drew U.S. outrage
- Propaganda and the Sinking of the Lusitania: Further fueled American outrage.
- Zimmerman Telegram: The final event that brought U.S. into the war.
World War I: End and Treaty of Versailles
- U.S. Alliance and Central Powers Defeat: U.S. entry changed the war's outcome.
- Paris Peace Conference and The Big Four: Dominated the post-war peace negotiations.
- Punishment of Germany: British and French goals to punish Germany.
- Treaty of Versailles: The formal peace treaty that shaped the post-war world.
- League of Nations: Part of Wilson's Fourteen Points, but not supported by the U.S. Congress.
- Fourteen Points Ignored: Many other Fourteen Points were disregarded.
Roaring Twenties: Economic and Cultural Boom
- Economic Boom: Significant advances in technology and consumer goods caused economic booms.
- Consumer Culture: New products like cars, radios, and vacuums transformed middle-class life.
- Credit Usage: Increasing household debt from consumerism.
- Liberal Flappers: Rebellious women rejecting traditional gender roles.
- Coolidge Prosperity: Credit for the decade's economic prosperity.
- Market Speculation and Inflation: Built up to the 1929 market crash.
- Stock Market Crash of 1929: Led to the start of the Great Depression.
1920s Political Landscape
- Shift from Progressivism: The political landscape shifted away from progressive ideas.
- "Return to Normalcy": Harding's campaign promise aimed to return to pre-war society.
- Economic Recovery and Tax Cuts: Harding cut taxes and the economy recovered.
- Teapot Dome Scandal: Political scandal in Harding's administration.
- Coolidge Prosperity: Coolidge's pro-business policies led to a prosperous era.
- Economic Crisis: Hoover's expected continuity was interrupted by the 1929 stock market crash.
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Description
Explore the key themes of the Second Industrial Revolution and the immigration trends during the Gilded Age. This quiz covers mechanized manufacturing, labor unions, and the impacts of nativism. Test your knowledge on how these historical elements shaped modern society.
