Industrial Revolution and Agriculture Quiz

A widespread change in manufacturing, driven by machines instead of manual labor.

Began in Britain towards the end of the 18th century.

Spread from Britain to other European Countries and later throughout the world during the 19th century.

Wealthy investors, growing population, scientific advancements, and readily available resources (minerals, coal) fueled the industrial revolution in Britain.

Trade and colonization were important influences on the overall rise of the industrial revolution in Europe, including the Britain.

A key factor in the Industrial Revolution was the rise of a wealthy class able to invest in industries growing in Europe.

Population growth created a higher demand for goods, which spurred industrial development to meet that demand.

Advances in scientific knowledge, especially during the Renaissance, led to the development of new technologies and machinery.

Samuel Morse invented a system for sending messages over long distances using symbols.

Invented by Guglielmo Marconi, this method allowed communication across distances using radio waves.

Large-scale farms created by combining smaller farms.

Alternating different types of crops in a field to improve soil health and reduce disease.

Improved methods and techniques for raising animals, often leading to increased production.

Machines created to help with tasks like clearing land, preparing soil, and planting seeds.

A type of manure produced from bird droppings, used as a fertilizer in agriculture.

Industrialization led to larger farms, new farming techniques, and new equipment, transforming agriculture.

The English and Dutch clashed over control of spice trade in Southeast Asia, leading to the English's retreat from the region after the Dutch attacked Ambon in 1623.

After the Southeast Asian conflict, the English shifted their focus to establishing trade relations and centers in India.

The English and French competed for trade dominance in India, leading to political conflicts by the 18th century.

The English initially paid little attention to Sri Lanka for nearly a century after establishing trade ties in India.

The English recognized Sri Lanka's strategic location near India and as a crucial center for naval and trade operations.

The gradual weakening of the Mughal Empire in India influenced the English's increased focus on political power in India.

Sri Lanka was considered valuable for its cinnamon and other trade goods.

The English saw the importance of Sri Lanka's harbors for repairing ships damaged in conflicts with the French around the Bay of Bengal.

The English were interested in Trincomalee Harbor due to its strategic location for protecting naval power in the eastern coast of India and for safeguarding ships from monsoon winds.

Sri Lanka's position facing the Bay of Bengal made it a vital area for controlling naval operations in the Indian Ocean.

The Dutch dominated the cinnamon trade, but English sought to control it in Sri Lanka for increased profit.

The English recognized the economic and political value of Sri Lanka and wanted to take control over its resources, like spices and gems.

Sri Lankan kings, including King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe, sought assistance from other nations (like the English and the French) to fight off the Dutch in order to gain political independence of the island.

English envoys to the kingdom of Kandy were part of the effort to gain influence and access to possible territory within Sri Lanka.

The English recognised the Dutch were in control of certain regions of Sri Lanka and aimed to challenge their presence.

King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe's attempts to secure foreign aid from nations such as the English and French illustrate strategic efforts to defend the island from rival powers such as the Dutch.

Foreign religious groups, primarily Christian, who arrived in Sri Lanka during the British colonial period (1804-1818) to spread their faith.

Some of the first missionary organizations in Sri Lanka included the London Missionary Organization (1804), Baptist Missionary Organization (1812), Wesleyan Missionary Organization (1814-1815), American Missionary Organization (1816), and Church Missionary Organization (1818).

Missionaries used three main methods: writing (producing books and magazines), preaching (in temples and public spaces), and education (establishing schools).

Missionaries in Sri Lanka established publishers to produce religious materials. They translated the Bible into local languages, such as Sinhalese and Tamil, and published books, newspapers, and magazines.

Some early religious publications included "Masika Thegga" (Monthly Gift) by the Church Missionary Organization in 1832, "Lanka Nidhanaya" (Treasure of Lanka) by the Religious Book Club in 1840, and "Uragala" by the Baptist Organization in 1842.

Missionaries established and managed schools in Sri Lanka, integrating religious teachings into the curriculum.

Missionaries had a lasting impact on Sri Lankan culture through their efforts to spread Christianity, translate religious texts, and establish educational institutions.

Missionary organizations were successful because they had access to funds and organizational skills. They also understood the importance of translating religious texts into native languages.

The second major battle for independence against British rule in Sri Lanka, which occurred in the mid-19th century. It aimed to restore the imperial system that existed in the upcountry.

The Colebrooke reforms of 1833 significantly influenced the 1848 struggle through their land policies, which dispossessed many upcountry people of their traditional lands, and their abolishment of the 'Gam Sabha' village council system.

This law confiscated uncultivated lands that could not be proven to have continuous ownership for 30 years. This directly impacted the upcountry people, who often lacked legal documents for their land ownership.

The 'Gam Sabha' was the village council responsible for local tasks like building infrastructure. The 'duty labour' system was used to provide workforce, but its abolition by the Colebrooke reforms weakened the 'Gam Sabha'.

These reforms centralized the legal system, forcing villagers to travel to courts for even minor issues. The lack of English language knowledge and understanding of the new legal system created issues for the people.

The combined impact of the Colebrooke reforms, particularly the land confiscations and the weakening of the 'Gam Sabha', created widespread discontent and opposition to the British government, which ultimately led to the 1848 struggle.

The desire to restore the pre-colonial imperial system, regain control of their land, and restore the 'Gam Sabha' system were key motives behind the 1848 struggle for independence.

The 1848 struggle is often referred to as the second armed battle for independence because it was another significant attempt to resist British rule, following the failed rebellion of 1818.