Industrial Chemistry Chapter 1

Coal is a sedimentary rock formed from decomposed plant matter over millions of years. It's a rich source of carbon and is used as fuel for electricity generation.

Coal is formed through a long process called coalification. Plant matter accumulates in swampy areas, gets buried under layers of sediment, and undergoes pressure and heat transformation.

Coal mainly consists of carbon (over 50%), but also includes volatile matter like hydrogen and oxygen, as well as impurities like sulfur, chlorine, and phosphorus.

Coal ranking classifies different types of coal based on their carbon content, volatile matter content, and heating value. The higher the ranking, the more mature and higher the energy content.

Coal is primarily used for electricity generation, but can also be used for producing steel, cement, and even plastics.

Carbonization is a process where coal is heated in the absence of air, leading to the production of coke, coal gas, and coal tar. Coke is a solid fuel used in steel manufacturing.

Gasification is a process where coal reacts with steam and oxygen to produce a mixture of gases, primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which can be used as fuels.

Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to coal to produce synthetic fuels like gasoline and diesel. This is a way to convert coal into liquid fuels.

Lignite is the lowest rank of coal, a brown, soft coal mainly used for electric power generation.

Sub-bituminous coal falls between lignite and bituminous coal in quality. It's used for power generation and chemical synthesis.

Bituminous coal is a dense, black coal used for power generation, manufacturing, and making coke.

Anthracite is the highest rank of coal, a hard, glossy, black coal used for heating.

Carbonization is a process that converts coal into coke, coal gas, and coal tar by heating it without air.

Coke is a hard carbon made from coal used in the iron and steel industry and as a smokeless fuel.

Carbonization allows us to extract valuable products from coal, like coke, gas, and tar, making it more useful.

Petroleum is found in various regions worldwide, including The Middle East, Southern United States, Mexico, Nigeria, and the former Soviet Union.

Crude oil varies in appearance, ranging from black or dark brown to yellowish, reddish, or greenish. It's typically found with natural gas above and saline water below.

Crude bitumen is a semi-solid form of crude oil mixed with sand and water.

The biogenic theory suggests that petroleum formed from the decomposition of ancient marine animals and plants compressed and heated over millions of years.

The abiogenic theory proposes that petroleum originates from reactions involving carbides, water, and high temperatures and pressures.

Most petroleum is extracted from oilfields or reservoirs beneath the Earth's surface. Pumping or pressurizing with water, carbon dioxide, natural gas, or steam is often needed to bring it to the surface.

Petroleum is primarily composed of various hydrocarbons, including alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavier hydrocarbons.

Crude oil is classified based on its geographic origin, API gravity (measuring its density), and sulfur content. 'Light' oil is less dense, 'heavy' oil is denser, 'sweet' oil has low sulfur, and 'sour' oil has high sulfur.

The process of separating crude oil into different hydrocarbon fractions (like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene) based on their boiling points.

A tall tower used in petroleum refining where crude oil is heated and different hydrocarbons are separated based on their boiling points.

The major products include LPG, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, jet fuel, lubricating oils, fuel oils, and bitumen. The products depend on the specific crude oil source and refining process.

Crude oil is refined to produce useful products like fuels, chemicals, and materials. Raw crude oil is not directly usable.

1. Crude oil is heated. 2. The heated oil is pumped into a fractionating column. 3. Different hydrocarbons are separated based on their boiling points. 4. The separated fractions are further processed to improve their properties.

Ethane and other short-chain alkanes, LPG, Naphtha, Gasoline, Jet fuel, Kerosene, Diesel oil, Lubrication oils, Fuel oils, Other hydrocarbons.

Petroleum products are used for transportation (gasoline and diesel), energy (fuel oils), manufacturing (chemicals), and construction (asphalt).

Initially, kerosene was the primary product. As demands changed (like the invention of the internal combustion engine), refining technologies evolved to produce different products like gasoline and jet fuels.

Coal gasification is a process that turns coal into a mixture of gases called syngas. Syngas is mainly made of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2), along with some carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O).

The major products of coal gasification are syngas, which can be further processed into various energy sources and chemicals, such as:

• Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel)
• Ammonia fertilizers
• Methanol, DME, propylene
• Electricity
• Hydrogen
• Synthetic natural gas
• Carbon dioxide

Coal gasification is considered a cleaner coal technology because it produces less polluting emissions compared to traditional coal combustion. It reduces sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, solid waste, and wastewater. It also allows for environmentally friendly mercury removal and CO2 sequestration.

The Bergius process is a method for hydrogenation of coal that involves mixing dry coal with heavy oil and heating it under high pressure (20-70 MPa) and high temperature (400-5000 °C) in the presence of a catalyst.

The Fischer-Tropsch process is an indirect method of converting syngas (from coal gasification) into lighter hydrocarbons, such as ethane. It utilizes Fischer-Tropsch catalysts.

The chemical reaction for coal gasification can be represented by the following general equation: (Coal) + O2 + H2O → H2 + CO This process can be described as a partial oxidation reaction, where coal reacts with oxygen and water to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

The chemical reaction for hydrogenation of coal can be represented by the following general equation: n C + (n + 1) H2 → CnH2n+2 This means that coal (C) reacts with hydrogen (H2) to produce hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2).

There are several types of coal, classified based on their carbon content, volatile matter, and heat value. Some common types are peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, and sub-bituminous coal.

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds.

The two most common forms of petroleum are natural gas, a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons, and crude oil, a thick, dark liquid.

An oil refinery processes crude oil through various steps to separate and transform it into useful petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, and kerosene.