Industrial and Market Revolutions

• The Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s and 1800s replaced hand-made production with machine manufacturing.
• This led to big changes in how people worked and lived.

Market Revolution

• The Market Revolution (1815-1850) shifted America to a market-based economy.
• It converted the nation from small farms to mass production in factories.
• Goods were transported across the country using canals, roads, and railroads.

Textile Mills

• Textile mills used water and steam-powered machines to spin cotton and weave fabric.
• Lowell Mills in Massachusetts employed young women known as "mill girls."

Textile Mill Locations

• The North had more mills due to fast-moving rivers for power.
• There was a larger free workforce and wealthy merchants willing to invest.
• They had better transportation and more skilled immigrants.

Samuel Slater

• Samuel Slater brought British textile mill designs to America in 1789.
• He built the first successful water-powered textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Lowell Girls

• Lowell Girls were young women working in Lowell, Massachusetts textile mills in the 1800s.
• They earned wages and lived in supervised boarding houses while working long hours.

Mill Working Conditions

• Textile mill working conditions were dangerous.
• Hazards included: long hours, low wages, and dangerous machinery.
• Spaces were poorly ventilated and cramped

Strikes

• Workers organized strikes to oppose dangerous conditions and low wages.
• The 1834 Lowell Mill Girls strike was one of the first protests by female workers.

Interchangeable Parts

• Eli Whitney pioneered interchangeable parts.
• Identical pieces could be easily swapped between machines.
• This made repairs faster and mass production possible.

John Deere/Steel Plow

• John Deere invented the steel plow in 1837.
• The steel plow was better than iron plows for cutting through prairie soil.

Mechanical Reaper

• Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper was invented in 1831.
• It allowed farmers to harvest grain much faster than by hand.

Steamboats

• Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, revolutionized water transportation in 1807.
• It efficiently moved people and goods upstream.

Telegraph + Morse Code

• Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and Morse code in 1844.
• It transformed communication, enabling almost instant long-distance messages.

Impact of Transportation

• Roads, railroads, and canals connected America's regions.
• The Erie Canal and transcontinental railroad reduced travel time and costs while uniting the nation's economy.

Cotton Boom

• The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, made cotton processing faster.
• This led to increased slavery as more workers were needed for cotton harvest.

Cotton Gin

• It used a hand-cranked cylinder with wire teeth.
• This pulled cotton fibers through gaps, separating seeds from fiber faster.
• It caused slavery's expansion in the South.
• The number of enslaved persons growing from 700,000 in 1790 to over 3.2 million by 1850.

Interstate Slave Trade

• After the 1808 ban, domestic slave trade intensified.
• Enslaved people were forcibly moved from the Upper South to the Deep South in the "Second Middle Passage."

Impact on Free African Americans

• Free Black Americans faced discrimination and restrictions through "Black Codes".
• This limited rights, movements, and economic opportunities.
• They had to live under the constant threat of being captured and sold into slavery.

Spirituals

• Spirituals were religious songs created by enslaved African Americans.
• They often contained hidden messages about freedom and escape.

Passive Resistance

• Enslaved people practiced passive resistance.
• Some examples are: working slowly, breaking tools, pretending to be ill or feigning ignorance.
• They also secretly taught themselves to read despite laws forbidding literacy.

Nationalism

• Nationalism grew after the War of 1812.
• Americans developed pride in their country, culture, and power.

Henry Clay / American System

• Henry Clay's American System involved protective tariffs.
• A national bank was implemented to create a stable currency.
• There was federal funding for roads and canals aimed at connecting the nation's markets.

Erie Canal

• The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, connected the Great Lakes to New York City.
• It dramatically reduced shipping costs and travel time.
• It transformed New York into leading commercial center.

Era of Good Feelings

• The Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) marked a period of national unity.
• Political tension decreased under President Monroe's one-party rule.

McCulloch vs Maryland

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) ruled states couldn't tax the national bank.
• Federal law was established as supreme over state law.

Gibbons vs Ogden

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) ruled that only Congress could regulate interstate commerce.
• Congress, not states, had the power.

Sectionalism

• Sectionalism emerged as regions developed different economic interests and cultural values.
• There were tensions over slavery, tariffs, and state's rights.

Missouri Compromise

• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 maintained the balance between free and slave states.
• Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
• Slavery was banned in the Louisiana Territory above latitude 36°30'.

Monroe Doctrine

• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) declared that European powers could no longer colonize the Americas.
• It established the United States as the protector of the Western Hemisphere.

Republican Motherhood

• Republican Motherhood was the idea that women should be educated.
• This was to raise patriotic sons and daughters.
• It gave women a more important role through their influence on future citizens.

Abolitionists

• Abolitionists fought to end slavery.
• This involved; publications, speeches, and the Underground Railroad.
• Leaders like Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison demanded immediate emancipation.

Explore the Industrial and Market Revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. Learn about the shift from hand-made production to machine manufacturing and the rise of textile mills. Discover the impact of Samuel Slater and the growth of market-based economies.