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Questions and Answers
What is the primary construction material used in the Indus Valley Civilization?
What is the primary construction material used in the Indus Valley Civilization?
Which architectural feature is characteristic of the buildings in the Indus Valley Civilization?
Which architectural feature is characteristic of the buildings in the Indus Valley Civilization?
What type of structures were commonly found in the Indus Valley Civilization cities?
What type of structures were commonly found in the Indus Valley Civilization cities?
Which period marks the beginning of rock architecture in the region?
Which period marks the beginning of rock architecture in the region?
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What was the primary religious influence during the reign of Ashoka?
What was the primary religious influence during the reign of Ashoka?
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What are 'Toranas' in the context of Buddhist architecture?
What are 'Toranas' in the context of Buddhist architecture?
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Which of the following is NOT a principal contribution of the 'Ashokan School' to architecture?
Which of the following is NOT a principal contribution of the 'Ashokan School' to architecture?
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What is the main focus of the design on the Ashokan Pillar at Sarnath?
What is the main focus of the design on the Ashokan Pillar at Sarnath?
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Which of the following temples is NOT associated with the Vijayanagar style?
Which of the following temples is NOT associated with the Vijayanagar style?
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What is the main architectural feature that distinguishes the Pandya style of temple architecture?
What is the main architectural feature that distinguishes the Pandya style of temple architecture?
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Which of the following temples is NOT located in Bhubaneswar?
Which of the following temples is NOT located in Bhubaneswar?
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What is the most significant architectural feature of the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram?
What is the most significant architectural feature of the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram?
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Which architectural style is characterized by the repetition of the "horse motif" in its pillars?
Which architectural style is characterized by the repetition of the "horse motif" in its pillars?
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What is the approximate angle of slope from the vertical for a typical Pandya style "Gopuram"?
What is the approximate angle of slope from the vertical for a typical Pandya style "Gopuram"?
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What is the most important feature of the Chola temple architecture?
What is the most important feature of the Chola temple architecture?
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Which of the following temples is considered the largest Hindu temple in the world?
Which of the following temples is considered the largest Hindu temple in the world?
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What is the primary material used in the construction of Orissan temples?
What is the primary material used in the construction of Orissan temples?
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Which of the following temples is noted as the largest temple in Bhubaneswar?
Which of the following temples is noted as the largest temple in Bhubaneswar?
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What unique architectural feature characterizes the roof style of Orissan temples?
What unique architectural feature characterizes the roof style of Orissan temples?
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Which temple is known as the 'white pagoda' and is located at Puri?
Which temple is known as the 'white pagoda' and is located at Puri?
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In which period were the majority of the temples listed in the Early period constructed?
In which period were the majority of the temples listed in the Early period constructed?
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What UNESCO status was granted to the Sun Temple at Konark?
What UNESCO status was granted to the Sun Temple at Konark?
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Which style of temple architecture is exemplified by the Khajuraho Group?
Which style of temple architecture is exemplified by the Khajuraho Group?
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Which of the following temples is specifically known for its wooden image of Jagannath?
Which of the following temples is specifically known for its wooden image of Jagannath?
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What characterizes rock cut architecture during the Hinayana phase?
What characterizes rock cut architecture during the Hinayana phase?
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Which of the following sites is NOT associated with Hinayana rock cut architecture?
Which of the following sites is NOT associated with Hinayana rock cut architecture?
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What was significant about the Gupta Period in terms of architecture?
What was significant about the Gupta Period in terms of architecture?
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Which term refers to the small chamber in Gupta architecture where an idol was kept?
Which term refers to the small chamber in Gupta architecture where an idol was kept?
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What primary influence did Pallava architecture have on later styles?
What primary influence did Pallava architecture have on later styles?
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Which site is known for containing 34 caves excavated during the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
Which site is known for containing 34 caves excavated during the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
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Which of the following phases is NOT part of the Dravidian style?
Which of the following phases is NOT part of the Dravidian style?
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What notable structure is associated with Pallava architecture?
What notable structure is associated with Pallava architecture?
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Study Notes
Indus Valley Civilization (B.C. 3000-2000)
- The Indus Valley Civilization is an early civilization in the region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers in Pakistan.
- Key cities include Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.
- This civilization is also referred to as the Bronze Age civilization.
Architectural Style
- Buildings had no significant artistic value.
- City walls were built with a batter (slope).
- "English Bond" (burnt brick in mud mortar) construction was used.
- Large structures like markets, halls, storage areas, and bathing establishments were present.
Mauryan Dynasty (400 B.C.)
- The capital of the Mauryan Dynasty was Patliputra (near Patna).
- Buddhist monuments were a significant building style of this era.
- Wooden construction was prevalent in these monuments.
Ashoka (250 B.C.)
- Ashoka declared Buddhism as the state religion.
- The Ashokan School of architecture emerged.
- Key contributions of this school included rock-inscribed edicts, stupas, monolithic pillars, and accessories for shrines.
Buddhist Rock-Cut Architecture (Early or Hinayana Phase)
- This style focused on rock-cut sculptures and temples, rather than independent architecture.
- Structures were large, well-planned, and skillfully carved from solid rock.
- Large halls and chambers were common
- No supporting structures were needed
Examples and Sites
- Ajanta: Excavated Buddhist monastery (first and second centuries BCE), a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- Ellora: Contains Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain temples (7th–10th centuries)
- Stupa at Sanchi: Stupa monuments and "Toranas" (gateways).
- Shore Temple (700-728 AD) at Mahabalipuram: An early Pallava structure.
Gupta Period (A.D. 350 to 650)
- Planned architecture and stone masonry developed during this period.
- "Garbhagriha" (literally "womb house") —an early Hindu temple design, was present in the Gupta period
- This design was a small chamber, square plan.
Dravidian Style (A.D. 600 to 900)
- The Pallavas' work formed the foundation of the Dravidian style.
- This style evolved through five phases throughout the Tamil country.
Pallava Dynasty (A.D. 600-900)
- Important examples of Pallava architecture are found around Kanchipuram.
- Examples include the structures at Mamallapuram.
Chola Dynasty (A.D. 900-1150)
- The "Vimana" (sanctuary) was a crucial element of Chola temple design.
- Well-dressed granite blocks were commonly used in Chola temples.
- Examples of Chola architecture include Gangaikondacholapuram temple and the Tanjore temple.
Pandya Dynasty (A.D. 1100-1350)
- "Gopurams" (tower-like gateways) were a distinctive feature of Pandya temples.
Vijayanagara Period (A.D. 1350-1565)
- Highly ornate temples with numerous pillars and sculptures were characteristic
- The "Vithala" and "Hazara Rama" were known examples
Madura (A.D. 1600)
- A large number of temples are present in Madura.
Northern or Indo-Aryan Style (A.D. 800-1250)
- Originated in Orissa.
- Features pyramidal roofs on temples.
- Key examples are located at Bhubaneswar.
Lingraja Temple
- This is a large temple dedicated to Harihara, a form of Shiva and Vishnu.
Jagannath Temple
- Located at Puri, Orissa.
- Called the "white pagoda"
- Known for its wooden image of Jagannath
Other examples of Northern or Indo-Aryan Style
- Khajuraho Temples: Situated in central India, known for their sculptures.
- Kandaraiya Mahadeva Temple: Large Shiva temple.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Indus Valley and Mauryan civilizations, examining key features from architecture to cultural developments. Explore significant cities like Mohenjo-Daro and important figures such as Ashoka. Discover how these ancient societies shaped the region's history.
