Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is Indonesia's stance on the 1951 UN Refugee Convention?
What is Indonesia's stance on the 1951 UN Refugee Convention?
Indonesia's refugee policies are proactive and based on long-term strategies.
Indonesia's refugee policies are proactive and based on long-term strategies.
False
What was the primary function of the Galang Island Camp?
What was the primary function of the Galang Island Camp?
Transit camp for refugees
Indonesia's acceptance of refugees is based on _______ reasons and is not tied to international law.
Indonesia's acceptance of refugees is based on _______ reasons and is not tied to international law.
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Match the following key concepts regarding refugee management in Indonesia:
Match the following key concepts regarding refugee management in Indonesia:
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What was primarily provided by the Galang Island Camp?
What was primarily provided by the Galang Island Camp?
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The number of refugees processed at Galang Camp was over 145,000.
The number of refugees processed at Galang Camp was over 145,000.
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What is one reason for Indonesia's focus on transit rather than permanent integration of refugees?
What is one reason for Indonesia's focus on transit rather than permanent integration of refugees?
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What significant change occurred in the late 1980s regarding refugee resettlement?
What significant change occurred in the late 1980s regarding refugee resettlement?
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Australia experienced a rise in the smuggling industry during the early 2000s.
Australia experienced a rise in the smuggling industry during the early 2000s.
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What characteristics defined the living conditions in immigration detention centers during 2012-2013?
What characteristics defined the living conditions in immigration detention centers during 2012-2013?
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The shift to _____ meant that refugees were often placed in temporary facilities due to insufficient capacity in detention centers.
The shift to _____ meant that refugees were often placed in temporary facilities due to insufficient capacity in detention centers.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What was a primary goal of the 'Beyond Detention' strategy introduced by the UNHCR in 2014?
What was a primary goal of the 'Beyond Detention' strategy introduced by the UNHCR in 2014?
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Alternatives to Detention provided substantial rights to refugees, allowing them to work and access education.
Alternatives to Detention provided substantial rights to refugees, allowing them to work and access education.
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What facilitated the emergence of Alternatives to Detention in the early 2010s?
What facilitated the emergence of Alternatives to Detention in the early 2010s?
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Which organizations are primarily involved in supporting refugees in Indonesia?
Which organizations are primarily involved in supporting refugees in Indonesia?
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Indonesia has a comprehensive refugee policy in place.
Indonesia has a comprehensive refugee policy in place.
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What factors make the effectiveness of UNHCR and IOM in Indonesia inconsistent?
What factors make the effectiveness of UNHCR and IOM in Indonesia inconsistent?
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Much of the funding for refugee management in Indonesia comes from ________ donors.
Much of the funding for refugee management in Indonesia comes from ________ donors.
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What have human rights groups criticized about Indonesia's approach to refugees?
What have human rights groups criticized about Indonesia's approach to refugees?
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Match the following countries or entities with their roles concerning refugees in Indonesia:
Match the following countries or entities with their roles concerning refugees in Indonesia:
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Public opinion in Indonesia often supports the integration of refugees.
Public opinion in Indonesia often supports the integration of refugees.
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What is a significant outcome of Indonesia's refugee policies as mentioned in the content?
What is a significant outcome of Indonesia's refugee policies as mentioned in the content?
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What major issue do urban refugees in Indonesia face?
What major issue do urban refugees in Indonesia face?
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The presence of refugees in Indonesia always leads to positive social interactions within communities.
The presence of refugees in Indonesia always leads to positive social interactions within communities.
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What was the fate of 1,800 Rohingya during the Andaman Sea crisis of 2015?
What was the fate of 1,800 Rohingya during the Andaman Sea crisis of 2015?
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The Rohingya refugees' reliance on foreign aid often sparks _____ among the local populations.
The Rohingya refugees' reliance on foreign aid often sparks _____ among the local populations.
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Match the following years with significant events related to the Rohingya crisis in Aceh:
Match the following years with significant events related to the Rohingya crisis in Aceh:
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What has caused tensions in local communities regarding refugees in Aceh?
What has caused tensions in local communities regarding refugees in Aceh?
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Local communities in Aceh generally have a negative attitude towards Rohingya refugees.
Local communities in Aceh generally have a negative attitude towards Rohingya refugees.
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What challenges do refugees in makeshift camps face?
What challenges do refugees in makeshift camps face?
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Study Notes
Global Crimes (Border Criminology)
- The presentation covers global crimes, focusing on border issues related to criminology.
- The specific focus is on refugee reception in Indonesia.
- The presentation covers geography's role, containment strategies, and international involvement in the context of refugee flows.
- The presenter highlights Indonesia as a transit state, not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention.
Refugee Reception in Indonesia
- Indonesia's archipelago (17,000 islands) creates unique geographic challenges.
- This dispersed geography makes refugee relocation and monitoring complex.
- Refugee flows into Indonesia have varied significantly (1979-1996 and 2000-2023).
- Different phases show shifts from refugee camps to immigration detention centers, reflecting evolving policies.
Geography Matters
- Indonesia has experienced large refugee flows, with notable flows during the Indonesian Reformation Era (2003-2018).
- Maps provided demonstrate refugee flows globally and into Indonesia.
- Geographical characteristics (large number of islands, porous borders) contribute to complex control and management.
Key Concepts
- Indonesia's approach to refugees is primarily reactive, responding to events and pressure rather than a consistent strategy.
- The approach may fluctuate based on political context, public sentiment, and international pressure.
- Approaches range from initial acceptance to punitive segregation and benevolence, followed by alternative detention methods such as community shelters, and autonomous living.
Galang Island Camp (1979-1996)
- The camp, a key refugee processing center, initially handled over 145,000 refugees.
- It provided temporary housing and support, primarily managed by Indonesian authorities with assistance from UN and NGO services.
- The camp highlighted varied living conditions, violence, and the issue of unequal opportunity in resettlement.
Transition Phase to Detention (mid-1990s-early 2000s)
- There was a shift from refugee camps to immigration detention centers.
- The period saw a rise in refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran using short term visas.
- Smuggling issues and Australian pushbacks were prominent.
- Some of the refugees were redirected to Lombok Island without resettlement.
Australia Set the Scene (2004-2012)
- Indonesia's relocation stance shifted to Cisarua, near Jakarta.
- New refugee waves arrived from Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Somalia.
- Australian pressure and funding influenced Indonesia's role as a containment center for refugees.
- Significant movement between 2009-2012.
Immigration Detention Centres (2012-present)
- Indonesia employs 13 permanent and 20 temporary detention centers.
- Initial use was for criminal detention cases, but was expanded to refugees.
- Arbitrary detention durations, inadequate amenities, violence, and a lack of regulation were issues.
Alternatives to Detention (2011-)
- The increase in international pressure influenced the rise of Alternative to Detention (ATDs).
- These include community shelters, hotels and low-cost housing.
- These facilities were primarily under IOM oversight.
- Refugee challenges were due to issues with detention centers.
- Alternatives to detention led to issues including limited socio-economic rights, and limbo for some.
Autonomous Living and Urban Refugees (2013-)
- Refugees often resorted to informal employment in urban areas.
- This is due to legal restrictions and challenges with employment and access to services like healthcare and education.
- Increased interaction/integration was occurring, but issues of suspicion and hostility in some local communities emerged.
- The reliance on foreign aid for refugees occasionally created local conflicts.
The Rohingya Case in Aceh
- Aceh was a key transit and reception hub for Rohingya refugees.
- There was concern over the 2012-2015 period when about 112,500 refugees had been disembarked and redirected to makeshift camps.
- In 2015, 1,800 during the crisis were temporarily relocated to Medan and Pekanbaru.
- The 2020-2024 period saw a significant increase in Rohingya (1,600) moving to Aceh, with a growing number seeking to stay.
The Rohingya Case in Aceh (continued)
- Local villagers often pushed boats back out to sea due to unwillingness to relocate refugees elsewhere.
- Overcrowded camps, inadequate facilities, and government reluctance were contributing factors in their relocation reluctance.
- Reliance on foreign aid has raised tensions occasionally due to local communities.
The Rohingya Case in Aceh (continued)
- Tensions, sporadic violence, and the secluded nature of some refugee camps occurred.
- Local civil society groups and organizations have, however, provided support for necessities.
- A mixed response from Indonesian society remains.
Role of International Organizations
- UNHCR and IOM play crucial roles providing essential services, such as food and healthcare.
- However, their impact relies heavily on government cooperation, which is sometimes inconsistent.
- Donors like Australia and Europe have significant funding influence, but their focus is primarily on containment, not integration.
Current Issues and International Involvement
- Indonesia faces pressure to balance international human rights expectations with domestic conditions.
- Concerns about social and economic impacts on the country are significant.
- The complex mix between international pressures for humane treatment and local pressures for social and economic stability is evident.
- This pressure can increase tensions and unpredictability in Indonesian policy responses.
Key Takeaways
- Containment remains a significant feature of Indonesia's approach to refugees.
- The approach is often reactive to circumstances.
- Indonesia's management of refugees is often shaped by unpredictable governmental response and humanitarian concerns.
- Funding and donor influence impact the implementation of refugee policies.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Indonesia's stance regarding the 1951 UN Refugee Convention and its refugee management strategies. This quiz covers key concepts related to the Galang Island Camp and the overall conditions and policies affecting refugees in Indonesia.
