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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the style of architecture that combined Persian style with Indian style?
What is the name of the style of architecture that combined Persian style with Indian style?
Indo-Islamic or Indo-Saracenic architecture
Which of the following elements were introduced by Islamic rulers to Indian architecture?
Which of the following elements were introduced by Islamic rulers to Indian architecture?
What is the name of the method used for decoration in Indo-Islamic architecture that involves the use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation?
What is the name of the method used for decoration in Indo-Islamic architecture that involves the use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation?
Arabesque
During which period did the use of 'Tudor arch', also known as the four centered arch, come into prominence in Mughal architecture?
During which period did the use of 'Tudor arch', also known as the four centered arch, come into prominence in Mughal architecture?
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What was the principal building material used during the reign of Itmad-ud-daulah?
What was the principal building material used during the reign of Itmad-ud-daulah?
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Which of the following is considered the finest specimen of Mughal architecture?
Which of the following is considered the finest specimen of Mughal architecture?
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What unique feature distinguished the architecture of the Bengal School during the 13th and 14th centuries?
What unique feature distinguished the architecture of the Bengal School during the 13th and 14th centuries?
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What is the name of the five-storied structure made of columns in the imperial complex in Delhi which is inspired by the concept of the Persian badgir (wind-catcher)?
What is the name of the five-storied structure made of columns in the imperial complex in Delhi which is inspired by the concept of the Persian badgir (wind-catcher)?
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Which of the following regions' architecture is known for incorporating elements of regional temple traditions into its structures?
Which of the following regions' architecture is known for incorporating elements of regional temple traditions into its structures?
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Which of the following materials were commonly used to cover thick walls in historical buildings in Indo-Islamic architecture?
Which of the following materials were commonly used to cover thick walls in historical buildings in Indo-Islamic architecture?
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Which of the following regions saw the beginnings of Islamic construction in India as early as the 8th century?
Which of the following regions saw the beginnings of Islamic construction in India as early as the 8th century?
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Study Notes
Indo-Islamic Architecture
- Originated with Arab conquest of Sindh in 712 AD
- Marked a significant change in Indian architecture during the medieval period
- Incorporated new elements like calligraphy, inlay work, etc. to reflect the tastes of the new Islamic rulers
- Showed a merging of Persian and Indian architectural styles, also known as Indo-Saracenic architecture
- Featured prominent use of arches and domes, replacing the traditional trabeate style
- Islamic rulers introduced minarets around mosques and mausoleums
- Mortar was used as a cementing agent in constructions
- Calligraphy and arabesque patterns were used as decorative elements, replacing sculptures
- Arabesque involved continuous, splitting stems creating a repeating, decorative pattern
Imperial Style of Architecture
- Flourished during the Delhi Sultanate period (1206-1526 AD)
- Classified into Imperial and Provincial styles (patronized by Delhi rulers and local rulers/fiefs, respectively)
- Slave dynasty (1206-1290 AD): Mameluke architectural style emerged
- Khilji dynasty (1290-1320 AD): Seljuk style, using red sandstone, and Arcuate prominence
- Tughlaq dynasty (crisis period for architecture): Focused on structural strength rather than decoration, using grey sandstone and the 'batter' style (sloping walls for strength)
- Lodi dynasty: Back seat for architecture, mostly tombs were constructed
Provincial Schools of Architecture
- Indo-Islamic style influenced local architectural styles
- Key architectural centres emerged: Bengal, Bijapur, Jaunpur, Mandu
- Bengal School (1203-1573 AD): Characterised by brickwork and black marble, similar to earlier temple roofs
- Jaunpur School (1394-1479 AD): Sharqi style (avoided minarets); bold, painted screens
- Malwa School (1405-1569 AD): Dhar and Mandu; use of coloured stones; large windows, arched features; use of pillars, stairs and baulis (artificial reservoirs)
- Bijapur School (1490-1656 AD): Deccan style; use of 3-arched facades, bulbous domes and cornices
Mughal Art and Architecture
- Babur: Constructions in Panipat and Rohilkhand (1526 AD)
- Humayun: Short reign; focused on foundation of Dinpanah; Persian style prominent
- Akbar: Keen interest in architecture; red sandstone, and the four-centred Tudor arch
- Buland Darwaza (1576 AD): High gateway
- Salim Chishti's tomb (1581 AD): Detailed Jaali work, Quranic inscriptions
- Panch Mahal (five-storied structure)
- Jodha Bai's/Mariam-uz-Zamani's Palace: Hindu motifs
- Ibadat Khana: Akbar's assembly hall
- Shah Jahan: Taj Mahal (finest example), Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Shalimar Bagh
- Use of white marble; detailed calligraphy; pietra dura; Charbagh style gardens
Decorative Elements and Techniques
- Decorative elements included calligraphy, pietra dura, jaali work, and use of water in gardens
- Decorative motifs created through incising, sculpting, casting, embossing, and stucco
- Surface decoration included fresco, murals, tessellation, calligraphy, pietra dura, jalis, and stucco
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Description
Explore the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture from the Arab conquest of Sindh in 712 AD through the Delhi Sultanate period. This quiz highlights key features, styles, and decorative elements, such as calligraphy and arches, that defined this significant architectural shift in India. Test your knowledge on the merging of Persian and Indian influences in this unique architectural style.
