Indigenous Peoples' Health in Canada
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Questions and Answers

What best describes health disparities in Indigenous communities?

  • Inequalities arising from different treatment in healthcare settings.
  • Variations in health attributed solely to lifestyle choices.
  • Preventable and unjust differences in health status among populations. (correct)
  • Differences in health outcomes due to genetic factors.

What was a primary health issue faced by Indigenous Peoples after European settlers arrived?

  • Increased prevalence of traditional medicines.
  • Exposure to infectious diseases introduced by settlers. (correct)
  • Improvement in overall healthcare access.
  • Reduction in chronic conditions.

Which of the following best reflects the social determinants of health impacting Indigenous Peoples?

  • Access to telemedicine services.
  • Genetic predispositions to diseases.
  • Individual health behaviors and choices.
  • Distribution of social, economic, and political resources. (correct)

What is a significant health perspective in Indigenous culture?

<p>An emphasis on holistic healing approaches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to recent data, what percentage of the total population in Canada identifies as First Nations, Inuit, and Métis?

<p>4.9% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Alberta's Indigenous population identifies as First Nations?

<p>58.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the increased growth rate of the Indigenous population in Canada?

<p>Disproportionately higher birth rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model aligns with the holistic view of health held by Indigenous cultures?

<p>Biopsychosocial model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health do social determinants primarily address?

<p>Surface causes of ill health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has colonization primarily impacted the health status of Indigenous Peoples?

<p>Economic and social dispossession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe Indigenous organizations that advocate for community needs and rights?

<p>Associational communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about mainstream approaches to mental health in Indigenous communities?

<p>They generally lack cultural responsiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of Alberta's Indigenous population is identified as Métis?

<p>35.1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the introduction of infectious diseases by European settlers for Indigenous populations?

<p>Critical decline in Indigenous populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legal framework supports the notion that Indigenous lands were unoccupied prior to European assertion of ownership?

<p>Doctrine of Discovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Indian Act primarily regulate regarding Indigenous peoples in Canada?

<p>Federal jurisdiction and access to funded programs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What continues to perpetuate oppression of Indigenous peoples as a result of colonialism?

<p>Maintenance of colonial structures, policies, and practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the social determinants of health for Indigenous communities?

<p>Reserves often lack access to clean drinking water and housing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has European immigration affected Indigenous nations in North America?

<p>Indigenous populations faced critical decline amidst European settlement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of health is frequently impacted by the ongoing effects of colonialism on Indigenous peoples?

<p>Cultural aspects of health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the ongoing control of Indigenous peoples' lives by the Canadian government through the Indian Act?

<p>Colonial oppression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key goals of health promotion at the government level in Canada?

<p>To save the government money on health expenditures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

<p>Medical treatment advancements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadians in the highest income bracket rate their health as very good or excellent?

<p>92% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age-related health concern is prevalent among adolescents in Canada?

<p>Smoking rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a focus of health promotion programs aimed at reducing health inequities?

<p>Addressing occupation-related health concerns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge posed by changing demographics in Canadian health care?

<p>A growing percentage of older age categories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health promotion mechanism focuses on encouraging individuals to look after their own health?

<p>Promotion of self-care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first health screening initiatives in British Columbia in the late 1940s?

<p>Pap test for cervical cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of health promotion?

<p>To encourage people to look after themselves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which framework identified healthy lifestyle as a target for health promotion?

<p>Marc Lalonde's report (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Epp's framework, where does the locus of responsibility for health lie?

<p>Individuals and communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health does the public health level of health promotion primarily focus on?

<p>Behavior prevention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program encourages Canadians to use stairs instead of elevators?

<p>Stairway to Health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of health promotion that distinguishes it from simple medical interventions?

<p>It places responsibility on individuals and communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was a framework for health promotion in Canada provided by Epp?

<p>1986 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The successful health promotion model identified by Labonte includes which of the following orientations?

<p>Disease prevention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two general types of social support based on their source?

<p>Naturally occurring and agency-provided support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of support is characterized by receiving help from friends and relatives?

<p>Naturally occurring support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Multi-Process Action Control model emphasize regarding health-related behaviors?

<p>The emotional aspects associated with health behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is likely to have less access to social support?

<p>Low-income seniors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of agency-provided support?

<p>Support provided by organizations to fill gaps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health promotion theories, which aspect is commonly emphasized?

<p>Processes that precede and maintain behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of emotional support is typically derived from shared experiences with others facing similar challenges?

<p>Empathetic support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of the Multi-Process Action Control model for health promotion?

<p>Emphasize emotional benefits from exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as 'reflexive processes' in the context of habit formation?

<p>Behaviors that become automatic over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage do health promotion programs aim to move people from in their behavioral change journey?

<p>Pre-contemplative to contemplative stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized by health promotion programs to encourage participation in exercise?

<p>The fun associated with exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do health promotion efforts typically influence people's beliefs and attitudes?

<p>By changing what is considered true or good (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the central route of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion rely on?

<p>Logic, facts, and reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is one-on-one interaction considered more effective for habit formation than promotional campaigns?

<p>It fosters stronger personal connections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does persuasion play in health promotion programs?

<p>It attempts to alter attitudes and beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a belief from an attitude in the context of health promotion?

<p>Beliefs reflect what is considered true, while attitudes involve evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of health promotion campaigns using the peripheral route?

<p>Appealing to emotions and general impressions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of using fear appeals in health promotion?

<p>To motivate people to control the danger presented (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Extended Parallel Process Model, what occurs when fear arousal is too high?

<p>People refuse to acknowledge the threat altogether (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does threat perception refer to in the context of health psychology?

<p>The belief that a health threat is real and relevant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that changing beliefs can lead to changes in behavior for health promotion?

<p>Health Belief Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of presenting only facts in an AIDS awareness program?

<p>Emotional disconnect from the issue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does efficacy of preventative behaviors relate to health threats?

<p>It refers to the belief that actions will mitigate the risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach formulates a response to threats by discussing the severe consequences of risky behaviors?

<p>Fear appeals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most crucial factor for fear appeals to be effective in promoting behavior change?

<p>The person's perceived capacity to respond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative effect can excessive fear arousal have on an individual's self-efficacy?

<p>It diminishes their confidence levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of messages emphasizes the negative consequences of not engaging in a behavior?

<p>Loss-framed messages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes an overwhelming amount of cancer-related information impacting behavior?

<p>Cancer information overload (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do guilt appeals differ from fear appeals in emotional framing?

<p>Guilt appeals focus on violating social norms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Drive Reduction Theory suggest about fear appeals and behavior change?

<p>They can reinforce behavior aimed at reducing fear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under which circumstances do loss-framed messages tend to be more effective?

<p>In risky behaviors such as cancer screenings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect self-accountability in the context of fear and guilt appeals?

<p>The degree of personal responsibility felt by the individual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Indigenous Population Growth

Indigenous populations in Canada are growing faster than the general population, mainly due to higher birth rates.

Indigenous Health Perspectives

Indigenous health is holistic, encompassing emotional, spiritual, mental, and physical well-being, contrasted with biomedical models.

Social Determinants of Indigenous Health

Indigenous health is influenced by social factors; examples include national and international conditions affecting people's lives.

Limited Research on Indigenous Social Determinants

Not enough research specifically focuses on how social factors affect Indigenous people's health and well-being.

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Colonization's Impact

Colonialism, involving geographic invasion and dispossession, affects Indigenous peoples' economic and health conditions. It has a profound and often overlooked influence.

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Indigenous Organizations

Indigenous organizations, such as Friendship Centers, act as supporting communities, advocating for their needs and rights.

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Sociocentric Cultures

Indigenous cultures often prioritize interconnectedness with family, community, and the environment, emphasizing the importance of all relationships.

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Culturally Responsive Approaches

Mainstream healthcare approaches must be adapted to be relevant and appropriate for Indigenous peoples' cultural contexts and beliefs.

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Indigenous Health Disparities

Unjust and preventable differences in health outcomes for Indigenous peoples compared to other groups.

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Health Inequities

The underlying reasons for health disparities, including social, economic, and political factors.

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Indigenous infectious disease burden

Indigenous peoples faced devastating consequences from infectious diseases brought by European settlers and their livestock.

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Indigenous Chronic Condition Burden

The shift from infectious diseases to chronic conditions in many Indigenous communities over time.

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Indigenous Community Mobility

Indigenous peoples frequently move between reserves, urban areas, and rural areas for essential services or to maintain cultural connections, making traditional classifications like on/off-reserve inaccurate.

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Indigenous population decline

A significant decrease in the Indigenous populations due to infectious diseases and wars brought on by European settlers.

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Doctrine of Discovery

European law claiming Indigenous lands were 'empty land' (terra nullius), allowing for exploitation.

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Colonialism's impact

Colonialism continues to oppress and subordinate Indigenous peoples through continued colonial structures and practices.

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Indian Act (Canada)

A Canadian law giving federal government control over Indigenous peoples, particularly in areas of land, governance, and access to resources.

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Indian Act's impact on reserves

Reserves are under federal jurisdiction, and this law dictates resources and services like healthcare, social services, water, and housing.

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Federal Intervention

The practice of federal governments controlling how Indigenous people live, and governing communities.

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Indian Act's creation date

The Indian Act was created in 1876 and remains in force today.

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Indigenous Services Canada

The department that manages programs and services for Indigenous peoples.

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Health Promotion

Strategies designed to maintain or improve the health of large populations.

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WHO's Role in Health Promotion

The World Health Organization employs political and sociological approaches to enhance the health of global citizens.

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Lalonde Report's Focus

Marc Lalonde's report identified lifestyle as a key factor influencing health and well-being, thus emphasizing its importance for health promotion and education.

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Social Movement for Health Promotion

For health promotion to be truly effective, it must be driven by a social movement rather than solely by government mandates.

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Epp's Framework for Health Promotion

This framework emphasizes individual responsibility for health and the importance of mutual aid, encouraging people to look after each other.

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Labonte's Levels of Health Promotion

Dr. Labonte identified three levels: medical (disease management), public health (disease prevention), and social (addressing broader social determinants of health.)

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Public Health Orientation

Focuses on behavior-based approaches to prevent diseases.

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Social Determinants of Health

Factors beyond individual choices like poverty, education, and access to healthcare that influence health outcomes.

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Socioenvironmental Orientation

Focuses on social change to improve public health, aiming for policies like school lunch programs.

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Health Promotion Goals

Government initiatives aiming to reduce healthcare costs by improving population health.

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Health Equity vs. Inequity

The ideal of equal access to healthcare versus the reality of disparities based on factors like income and geography.

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Health Promotion Challenges

Addressing health inequalities across different groups, ages, occupations, and changing population demographics.

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Self-Care Promotion

Encouraging individuals to take active steps for their health, like exercise, diet, and screenings.

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Pap Test

A cervical cancer screening test introduced in the late 1940s, marking a key advancement in preventive healthcare.

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Health Promotion Mechanisms

Strategies used to improve health, such as promoting self-care, making health-related information accessible, and creating supportive environments.

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Social Support

The collection of interpersonal resources available to help individuals cope with challenging situations. It can come from friends, family, co-workers, or organizations.

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Naturally Occurring Support

Social support received from informal networks like friends, family, and colleagues.

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Agency-Provided Support

Social support provided by organizations or agencies designed to address specific needs.

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Multi-Process Action Control Model (M-PAC)

A model in health psychology that explains how people adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. It focuses on factors that initiate, maintain, and precede behavior change.

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Emotion's Role in Health Behavior

M-PAC suggests that emotions associated with a behavior are more influential in adoption and maintenance than health benefits.

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Loved Ones First

A social support strategy that prioritizes relationships with immediate family and close partners.

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Right Tribe

Social networks that encourage healthy behaviors and provide support.

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Belonging (Faith-Based)

Social support derived from affiliation with a particular religious denomination.

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Reflexive Processes

Behaviors that become automatic habits or part of one's identity, requiring no conscious thought.

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Habit & Identity Formation

The process of turning behaviors into ingrained habits or core aspects of one's self-image.

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Pre-contemplative Stage

The stage where individuals aren't seriously considering changing their behavior.

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Contemplative Stage

The stage where individuals are aware of a problem and consider changing their behavior.

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Health Promotion Programs

Programs designed to encourage positive health behaviors, such as exercise.

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Persuasion in Health Promotion

The process of influencing people's attitudes and beliefs towards healthy behaviors.

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Attitudes vs. Beliefs

Attitudes are evaluations (good/bad) while beliefs are things we consider true (factual).

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

A model explaining how persuasion works through central (logic) and peripheral (cues) routes.

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Central Route Processing

A mode of persuasion that involves careful consideration of arguments and evidence, leading to thoughtful evaluation and lasting attitude change.

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Peripheral Route Processing

A mode of persuasion that relies on superficial cues, such as attractiveness, likeability, or emotional appeals, resulting in faster but less enduring attitude shifts.

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Health Belief Model

A psychological model explaining health behavior changes based on individual perceptions of threat, benefits, and barriers to action.

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Fear Appeals

Persuasive messages that evoke fear by highlighting the negative consequences of a behavior or inaction.

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Threat Perception

The belief that a threat is real and that we are vulnerable to it, essential for fear appeals to be effective.

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Extended Parallel Process Model

A theory explaining how fear appeals work, predicting outcomes based on individuals' responses to perceived threats and their ability to cope.

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Efficacy of Preventive Behaviors

The perceived effectiveness of a particular action in reducing the threat or risk.

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Mismatch Between Threat and Behavior

When the perceived threat is high, but the individual believes the recommended action is ineffective in mitigating that threat.

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Fear Appeal Efficacy

For fear appeals to work, messages about how to effectively reduce the threat should be presented equally with the fear itself. People are more likely to act if they believe they can effectively reduce the threat, even if the threat itself is not perceived as very serious.

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Drive Reduction Theory

This theory explains how fear appeals work by suggesting that people are motivated to reduce fear by changing their behavior. This behavior change is then reinforced because it reduces the fear.

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Response Efficacy

This is a person's belief that a specific behavior change will actually reduce the threat they are facing.

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Self-Efficacy

This refers to a person's confidence in their ability to actually carry out a behavior change. Fear can actually reduce self-efficacy.

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Cancer Information Overload

This occurs when someone feels overwhelmed by the amount of information available about cancer, which can sometimes lead to confusion and difficulty making decisions about cancer prevention.

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Self-Accountability

This is the extent to which a person feels personally responsible for their emotions and situation. It's used in fear appeals to make people feel responsible for their choices. For example, "smoking pot may not kill you, but it will kill your mother" aims at guilt rather than fear.

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Message Framing

This refers to how positive or negative aspects of an outcome are emphasized in a message. Loss-framed messages emphasize the negative results of not engaging in a behavior, while gain-framed messages emphasize the positive effects of doing the behavior.

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Prospect Theory

This theory suggests that loss-framed messages are effective in risky behaviors (like getting a Pap test), while gain-framed messages are more effective in non-risky behaviors.

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Study Notes

Indigenous Peoples' Health in Canada

  • Indigenous communities experience health disparities and inequities. Health disparities are preventable differences in health status, and health inequities include factors such as social, economic, and political resources.
  • Before European settlement, Indigenous peoples generally had good health. However, the arrival of Europeans introduced infectious diseases that devastated Indigenous communities.
  • The overall health status of Indigenous peoples in Canada is often below the national average.
  • More than 600 First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities exist in Canada, with more than 70 Indigenous languages. Roughly 42% live on-reserve.
  • Many Indigenous people move between on-reserve, off-reserve, rural, and urban areas for access to services, family, and community, and therefore, the on-/off-reserve, rural, urban classifications are inaccurate without including mobility.
  • Indigenous populations are growing faster than the general population; contributing factors include higher birthrates.
  • The Indigenous population in Canada mostly consists of First Nations at 58.4%, followed by Métis at 35.1% and Inuit at 3.9%.
  • The Indigenous population in Canada increased roughly 43% in number from the existing data..

Health from an Indigenous Perspective

  • Mainstream mental health approaches are often not culturally responsive to Indigenous communities.
  • Indigenous cultures are holistic, emphasizing the balance of emotional, spiritual, mental, and physical aspects of health, differing from biomedical models.
  • Indigenous approaches to health consider holistic concepts of body, mind, and spirit.

Determinants of Indigenous Peoples' Health

  • Health is influenced by social determinants at both national and international levels.
  • Indigenous-specific social determinants are under-researched.
  • Social determinants broadly refer to the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
  • Colonization, including oppression, subordination, geographic invasion, social and economic dispossession, and political control, is a major determinant in the poor health status of Indigenous peoples.
  • The most important determinant is self-determination which is understood as the individual and collective right to participate in decision-making roles on issues of community relevance and establishment of state-recognized roles for Indigenous organizations, and structures. 

Land, Culture, and Language

  • Land is linked to community, cultural practices, and belonging which contributes to wellness and healing.
  • Culture is important for holistic wellness and contributes to healing of trauma and pride and self-esteem 
  • Indigenous languages may act as protective factors for mental health. 
  • Barriers to accessing land negatively impact health.

Genetics and Race

  • "Race" is a social construct, not a biological one, and often used to justify health disparities.
  • Ethnicity (including culture, language, and history), is more effective in explaining health disparities.
  • The prevalence of diabetes in First Nations adults is significantly higher than in non-Indigenous adults.
  • Genetic predispositions are not the sole cause of health issues faced by Indigenous peoples, and issues of poverty, racism, and historical oppression are also important factors..

Indian Act

  • The Indian Act, introduced in 1876, gives the federal government the power to control the lives of Indigenous peoples in Canada. This Act imposes restrictions and continues to influence the health of Indigenous communities.
  • The act has had a negative impact on Indigenous health and contributed to the oppression of people.

Residential Schools

  • Residential schools were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Canadian society; this led to high rates of death and various health issues..
  • High rates of death from infectious disease and various other health issues were primarily present amongst Indigenous children in those residential schools where they were forced to live.
  • Residential schools continue to influence health concerns today.
  • Residential schools were racially segregated, underfunded, and resulted in substandard treatment and poor living conditions.
  • They imposed intergenerational trauma.

Indian Hospitals

  • Indian hospitals were established to treat Indigenous patients, though these hospitals often fell short of the quality of care provided in community hospitals.
  • Often, these hospitals were underfunded and poorly staffed, resulting in overcrowding and substandard care..

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Description

Explore the health disparities faced by Indigenous communities in Canada. This quiz covers historical health conditions, the impact of European settlement, and current health status comparisons. Delve into the complexities of mobility and community classifications among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations.

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