Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a nation?
What is a nation?
A community of people bound together by common traditions, culture, and usually language. Many nations have political independence and occupy a distinct territory.
Who are Indigenous People?
Who are Indigenous People?
The original inhabitants of a land and their descendants.
What is colonization?
What is colonization?
The establishment of a colony or colonies, involving one country taking political and economic control of another country or territory and attempting to change the existing culture, often by importing many people as settlers or administrators to encourage social transformation. The colonized country is usually exploited for the benefit of the colonizing country.
What type of rights are Indigenous rights generally considered to be?
What type of rights are Indigenous rights generally considered to be?
What are inherent rights?
What are inherent rights?
What are individual rights?
What are individual rights?
What are collective rights?
What are collective rights?
What are ceded lands?
What are ceded lands?
What are unceded lands?
What are unceded lands?
What is self-determination?
What is self-determination?
What is self-government?
What is self-government?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution?
Identify the four stages of colonization described in the context of First Nations-European relations, summarize each, and note the relationship dynamic.
Identify the four stages of colonization described in the context of First Nations-European relations, summarize each, and note the relationship dynamic.
What are the key principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
What are the key principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences can conflict with Indigenous worldviews, using an example.
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences can conflict with Indigenous worldviews, using an example.
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights in this context?
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights in this context?
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights? Provide two reasons.
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights? Provide two reasons.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
What is the difference between 'self-determination' and 'self-government'?
What is the difference between 'self-determination' and 'self-government'?
Indigenous people often believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. What perspective is this known as?
Indigenous people often believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. What perspective is this known as?
Which statement best describes how First Nation groups traditionally interacted with one another?
Which statement best describes how First Nation groups traditionally interacted with one another?
What was a key aspect of early European worldviews regarding non-Europeans?
What was a key aspect of early European worldviews regarding non-Europeans?
What did The Great Law of Peace become the foundation of?
What did The Great Law of Peace become the foundation of?
What is a constitution?
What is a constitution?
What was the Two Row Wampum Treaty?
What was the Two Row Wampum Treaty?
What is the Feudal System?
What is the Feudal System?
What is imperialism?
What is imperialism?
What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 lay the foundation for?
What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 lay the foundation for?
According to the provided text, what right did the British North America Act give First Nation people in relation to self-government?
According to the provided text, what right did the British North America Act give First Nation people in relation to self-government?
What does 'paternalistic' mean in the context of governing?
What does 'paternalistic' mean in the context of governing?
Why did the Canadian government begin to negotiate treaties, particularly in the West?
Why did the Canadian government begin to negotiate treaties, particularly in the West?
In exchange for allowing settlers on their land through treaties, what three key things did First Nations want to ensure for their people?
In exchange for allowing settlers on their land through treaties, what three key things did First Nations want to ensure for their people?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up title to occupied land in exchange for land 'Set aside' by the government. What is this 'set aside' land called?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up title to occupied land in exchange for land 'Set aside' by the government. What is this 'set aside' land called?
What was a key difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What was a key difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What were two problems identified with the treaty interpreters used during negotiations?
What were two problems identified with the treaty interpreters used during negotiations?
Identify three ways early treaties reflected a European worldview more than that of the First Nations.
Identify three ways early treaties reflected a European worldview more than that of the First Nations.
Why did First Nation leaders sign the treaty agreements despite potential reservations? Provide two examples.
Why did First Nation leaders sign the treaty agreements despite potential reservations? Provide two examples.
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life. True or False?
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life. True or False?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or False?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands had more structured political systems because of their small populations. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands had more structured political systems because of their small populations. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in any of the six cultural regions encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in any of the six cultural regions encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as 'home.' True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as 'home.' True or False?
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. Which of the following methods did they use to ensure harmonious relations? (Select all that apply)
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. Which of the following methods did they use to ensure harmonious relations? (Select all that apply)
Which traditional land management technique mentioned also reflects a form of traditional governance?
Which traditional land management technique mentioned also reflects a form of traditional governance?
Each Indigenous nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did governance always respond to?
Each Indigenous nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did governance always respond to?
Why was government traditionally not seen as a separate aspect of Indigenous society?
Why was government traditionally not seen as a separate aspect of Indigenous society?
Systems of governing principles derived from observing how the natural world operates are called what?
Systems of governing principles derived from observing how the natural world operates are called what?
What factor contributed to the Metis people being a powerful force in situations of conflict?
What factor contributed to the Metis people being a powerful force in situations of conflict?
In Indigenous communities today, leadership can be:
In Indigenous communities today, leadership can be:
What characteristic is mentioned as making many Indigenous leaders distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders?
What characteristic is mentioned as making many Indigenous leaders distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders?
Who/what is an 'Elder' in a First Nations community?
Who/what is an 'Elder' in a First Nations community?
List 3 different perspectives or objectives Europeans typically held regarding treaties with Indigenous peoples.
List 3 different perspectives or objectives Europeans typically held regarding treaties with Indigenous peoples.
List 3 different perspectives or understandings First Nations typically held regarding treaties.
List 3 different perspectives or understandings First Nations typically held regarding treaties.
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed by colonization efforts compared to First Nations further south?
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed by colonization efforts compared to First Nations further south?
When the Metis people challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland in Manitoba, what was the event called, and who was its prominent leader?
When the Metis people challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland in Manitoba, what was the event called, and who was its prominent leader?
Who are the Metis?
Who are the Metis?
Who were the 'Road Allowance People'?
Who were the 'Road Allowance People'?
What was the outcome of the Dominion Lands Act for the Metis people?
What was the outcome of the Dominion Lands Act for the Metis people?
How did Louis Riel attempt to benefit the Metis people?
How did Louis Riel attempt to benefit the Metis people?
What Indigenous rights did the Manitoba Act initially recognize for Metis people?
What Indigenous rights did the Manitoba Act initially recognize for Metis people?
What was Scrip?
What was Scrip?
What did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples conclude regarding promises made to the Metis people, particularly concerning land?
What did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples conclude regarding promises made to the Metis people, particularly concerning land?
What was the Canadian Government's attitude towards signing treaties with Metis people, as compared to First Nations?
What was the Canadian Government's attitude towards signing treaties with Metis people, as compared to First Nations?
Why was the Scrip system implemented by the Canadian government?
Why was the Scrip system implemented by the Canadian government?
Provide four reasons why the Scrip system failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people.
Provide four reasons why the Scrip system failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people.
Why were the Metis people often called the 'Road Allowance People'?
Why were the Metis people often called the 'Road Allowance People'?
Why were many Road Allowance people fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
Why were many Road Allowance people fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
List three reasons why many Road Allowance people experienced a lower standard of living than nearby European settlers.
List three reasons why many Road Allowance people experienced a lower standard of living than nearby European settlers.
Which Alberta Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Which Alberta Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowance, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowance, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
According to the Supreme Court of Canada's definition (in the Powley case), Metis people for the purpose of Aboriginal rights under s. 35 are those who meet what three criteria?
According to the Supreme Court of Canada's definition (in the Powley case), Metis people for the purpose of Aboriginal rights under s. 35 are those who meet what three criteria?
The quote 'It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once' refers to what aspect of the Metis experience?
The quote 'It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once' refers to what aspect of the Metis experience?
What is a Nation?
What is a Nation?
Who are Indigenous People?
Who are Indigenous People?
What is Colonization?
What is Colonization?
According to the source, what kind of rights are Indigenous rights?
According to the source, what kind of rights are Indigenous rights?
What are Inherent rights?
What are Inherent rights?
What are Individual rights?
What are Individual rights?
What are Collective rights?
What are Collective rights?
What are Ceded lands?
What are Ceded lands?
What are Unceded lands?
What are Unceded lands?
What is Self-determination?
What is Self-determination?
What is Self-government?
What is Self-government?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution?
Describe the four stages of colonization presented and the relationship between First Nations and Europeans during each stage.
Describe the four stages of colonization presented and the relationship between First Nations and Europeans during each stage.
What are the key principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentioned?
What are the key principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentioned?
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries often feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries often feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences can conflict with Indigenous worldviews, using an example.
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences can conflict with Indigenous worldviews, using an example.
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights in this context?
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights in this context?
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights? Provide two reasons.
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights? Provide two reasons.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
What is the difference between 'self-determination' and 'self-government'?
What is the difference between 'self-determination' and 'self-government'?
Indigenous people often believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. What perspective is this known as?
Indigenous people often believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. What perspective is this known as?
What is an aspect of early European worldviews regarding non-Europeans?
What is an aspect of early European worldviews regarding non-Europeans?
The Great Law of Peace became the foundation of North America's first _____ _____.
The Great Law of Peace became the foundation of North America's first _____ _____.
What is a constitution?
What is a constitution?
What was the Two Row Wampum Treaty?
What was the Two Row Wampum Treaty?
What is a Feudal System?
What is a Feudal System?
What is Imperialism?
What is Imperialism?
What is the significance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
What is the significance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
According to this source, what right did the British North America Act grant First Nation people regarding self-government?
According to this source, what right did the British North America Act grant First Nation people regarding self-government?
What does 'Paternalistic' mean in the context of governance?
What does 'Paternalistic' mean in the context of governance?
Why did the Canadian government begin to negotiate treaties?
Why did the Canadian government begin to negotiate treaties?
In exchange for allowing settlers on their land, what three key things did First Nations want to ensure for their people through treaties?
In exchange for allowing settlers on their land, what three key things did First Nations want to ensure for their people through treaties?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up title to land they occupied in exchange for land 'set aside' by the government. What is this land called?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up title to land they occupied in exchange for land 'set aside' by the government. What is this land called?
What was a key difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What was a key difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What were two problems associated with treaty interpreters during negotiations?
What were two problems associated with treaty interpreters during negotiations?
How did early treaties reflect a European worldview more than that of the First Nations?
How did early treaties reflect a European worldview more than that of the First Nations?
Why did First Nation leaders sign treaty agreements despite potential concerns? Provide two reasons.
Why did First Nation leaders sign treaty agreements despite potential concerns? Provide two reasons.
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life. True or False?
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life. True or False?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or False?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands had more structured political systems because of the small populations. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands had more structured political systems because of the small populations. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in certain regions encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in certain regions encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as 'home.' True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as 'home.' True or False?
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. What methods did they use to ensure harmonious relations?
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. What methods did they use to ensure harmonious relations?
Which traditional land management technique mentioned reflects a form of traditional governance?
Which traditional land management technique mentioned reflects a form of traditional governance?
Each nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did Indigenous governance always respond to?
Each nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did Indigenous governance always respond to?
Why was government traditionally not seen as a completely separate aspect of Indigenous society?
Why was government traditionally not seen as a completely separate aspect of Indigenous society?
Systems of governing how the natural world operates that can be learned through observation and experience are called what?
Systems of governing how the natural world operates that can be learned through observation and experience are called what?
What factor contributed to Metis people being a powerful force in situations of conflict?
What factor contributed to Metis people being a powerful force in situations of conflict?
In Indigenous communities today, what forms can leadership take?
In Indigenous communities today, what forms can leadership take?
What characteristic of many traditional Indigenous leaders makes them distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders?
What characteristic of many traditional Indigenous leaders makes them distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders?
Who/what is an 'Elder' in a First Nations community?
Who/what is an 'Elder' in a First Nations community?
List 3 different perspectives on treaties typically held by Europeans.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties typically held by Europeans.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties typically held by First Nations.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties typically held by First Nations.
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed by colonization initially?
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed by colonization initially?
When the Metis challenged the Canadian government for ØÙ‚ their homeland in Manitoba, what was the event called, and who was its prominent leader?
When the Metis challenged the Canadian government for ØÙ‚ their homeland in Manitoba, what was the event called, and who was its prominent leader?
Match the term related to Metis history with its definition or significance.
Match the term related to Metis history with its definition or significance.
What was 'Scrip'?
What was 'Scrip'?
Why was the Scrip system primarily implemented for the Metis?
Why was the Scrip system primarily implemented for the Metis?
Provide four reasons cited why the Scrip system failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people.
Provide four reasons cited why the Scrip system failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people.
Why were some Metis people historically called the 'Road Allowance People'?
Why were some Metis people historically called the 'Road Allowance People'?
Why were many Road Allowance People fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
Why were many Road Allowance People fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
Why did many Road Allowance people experience a much lower standard of living than nearby European settlers?
Why did many Road Allowance people experience a much lower standard of living than nearby European settlers?
Which Alberta Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Which Alberta Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowances, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowances, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
According to the source, what are the criteria used by the Supreme Court of Canada to define Metis people for the purpose of rights?
According to the source, what are the criteria used by the Supreme Court of Canada to define Metis people for the purpose of rights?
A Metis person stated, 'It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once.' What aspect of the Metis experience does this refer to?
A Metis person stated, 'It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once.' What aspect of the Metis experience does this refer to?
What is a Nation?
What is a Nation?
Who are Indigenous Peoples?
Who are Indigenous Peoples?
What is Colonization?
What is Colonization?
According to the provided definition, what type of rights are Indigenous rights?
According to the provided definition, what type of rights are Indigenous rights?
What are Inherent Rights?
What are Inherent Rights?
What are individual rights?
What are individual rights?
What are collective rights?
What are collective rights?
What are ceded lands?
What are ceded lands?
What are unceded lands?
What are unceded lands?
What is self-determination?
What is self-determination?
What is self-government?
What is self-government?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution?
Describe the four stages of colonization presented, summarizing each and explaining the relationship between First Nations and Europeans.
Describe the four stages of colonization presented, summarizing each and explaining the relationship between First Nations and Europeans.
Summarize the key points of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentioned.
Summarize the key points of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentioned.
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences might conflict with Indigenous worldviews, using an example.
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences might conflict with Indigenous worldviews, using an example.
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights in this context?
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights in this context?
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights? Provide two reasons.
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights? Provide two reasons.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
What is the difference between "self-determination" and "self-government"?
What is the difference between "self-determination" and "self-government"?
Indigenous people believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. Which perspective is this known as?
Indigenous people believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. Which perspective is this known as?
Which statement is true regarding how First Nation groups interacted with one another prior to European contact?
Which statement is true regarding how First Nation groups interacted with one another prior to European contact?
What is an aspect of early European worldviews regarding non-Europeans?
What is an aspect of early European worldviews regarding non-Europeans?
What did the Great Law of Peace become the foundation of?
What did the Great Law of Peace become the foundation of?
What is a Constitution?
What is a Constitution?
What was the Two Row Wampum Treaty?
What was the Two Row Wampum Treaty?
What was the Feudal System?
What was the Feudal System?
What is Imperialism?
What is Imperialism?
What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 lay the foundation for?
What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 lay the foundation for?
How did the British North America Act (now Constitution Act, 1867) affect First Nations?
How did the British North America Act (now Constitution Act, 1867) affect First Nations?
What does Paternalistic mean?
What does Paternalistic mean?
Why did the Canadian government begin to negotiate treaties, particularly in the West?
Why did the Canadian government begin to negotiate treaties, particularly in the West?
In exchange for allowing settlers on their land through treaties, what three things did First Nations primarily want to ensure for their people?
In exchange for allowing settlers on their land through treaties, what three things did First Nations primarily want to ensure for their people?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up title to land they occupied in exchange for land "Set aside" by the government. What is this land called?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up title to land they occupied in exchange for land "Set aside" by the government. What is this land called?
What was the difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What was the difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What were two problems with the treaty interpreters during negotiations?
What were two problems with the treaty interpreters during negotiations?
How did early treaties reflect a dominant European worldview over that of the First Nations? Provide examples.
How did early treaties reflect a dominant European worldview over that of the First Nations? Provide examples.
Why did First Nation leaders sign the treaty agreements despite potential reservations? Provide two examples.
Why did First Nation leaders sign the treaty agreements despite potential reservations? Provide two examples.
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life. True or False?
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life. True or False?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or False?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands had more structured political systems because of their small populations. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands had more structured political systems because of their small populations. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in any region encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in any region encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as "home." True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as "home." True or False?
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. Which methods did they use to ensure harmonious relations?
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. Which methods did they use to ensure harmonious relations?
Which traditional land management technique mentioned reflects a form of traditional governance?
Which traditional land management technique mentioned reflects a form of traditional governance?
Each nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did governance always respond to?
Each nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did governance always respond to?
Why was government traditionally not seen as a separate aspect of Indigenous society?
Why was government traditionally not seen as a separate aspect of Indigenous society?
Systems of governing how the natural world operates that can be learned through observation and experience are called:
Systems of governing how the natural world operates that can be learned through observation and experience are called:
The reason Metis people were often a powerful force in situations of conflict was because of their:
The reason Metis people were often a powerful force in situations of conflict was because of their:
In Indigenous communities today, what forms can leadership take?
In Indigenous communities today, what forms can leadership take?
What characteristic often makes many Indigenous leaders distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders?
What characteristic often makes many Indigenous leaders distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders?
Who/what is an "Elder" in a First Nations community?
Who/what is an "Elder" in a First Nations community?
List 3 different perspectives on treaties commonly held by Europeans.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties commonly held by Europeans.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties typically held by First Nations.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties typically held by First Nations.
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed by colonization compared to First Nations further south?
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed by colonization compared to First Nations further south?
When the Metis challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland in present-day Manitoba, what was the event called, and who led it?
When the Metis challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland in present-day Manitoba, what was the event called, and who led it?
Match the term or person with its definition/description related to Metis history:
Match the term or person with its definition/description related to Metis history:
What was "Scrip"?
What was "Scrip"?
Why was the Scrip system implemented?
Why was the Scrip system implemented?
Provide four reasons why the Scrip system often failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people.
Provide four reasons why the Scrip system often failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people.
Why were many displaced Metis people called the "Road Allowance People?"
Why were many displaced Metis people called the "Road Allowance People?"
Why were many Road Allowance people fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
Why were many Road Allowance people fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
Why did many Road Allowance people have a much lower standard of living than nearby European Settlers?
Why did many Road Allowance people have a much lower standard of living than nearby European Settlers?
Which Alberta Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies (now Settlements), the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Which Alberta Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies (now Settlements), the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowance, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowance, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
According to the Supreme Court of Canada's Powley decision criteria, how are Metis people defined for the purpose of Aboriginal rights under Section 35?
According to the Supreme Court of Canada's Powley decision criteria, how are Metis people defined for the purpose of Aboriginal rights under Section 35?
What is the meaning behind the quote attributed to Emerald: "It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once."?
What is the meaning behind the quote attributed to Emerald: "It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once."?
Flashcards
Nation
Nation
A community bound by common traditions, culture, and usually language. Many have political independence and occupy a distinct territory.
Indigenous People
Indigenous People
The original inhabitants of a land and their descendants.
Colonization
Colonization
The establishment of colonies, involving political and economic control of another country/territory to change the existing culture.
Indigenous rights
Indigenous rights
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Inherent rights
Inherent rights
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Individual rights
Individual rights
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Collective rights
Collective rights
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Ceded lands
Ceded lands
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Unceded lands
Unceded lands
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Self-determination
Self-determination
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Self government
Self government
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Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canaduan Constitution?
Who are the three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canaduan Constitution?
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Colonization: Name each stage, and summarize each stage, and provide one point to explain the relationship between the First Nations and Europeans during each stage.
Colonization: Name each stage, and summarize each stage, and provide one point to explain the relationship between the First Nations and Europeans during each stage.
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Throughout colonial history, why did European countries feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
Throughout colonial history, why did European countries feel justified in attempting to change, control, or destroy the cultures they encountered?
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Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences conflict with Indigenous worldviews.
Define individual and collective rights and explain how such differences conflict with Indigenous worldviews.
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First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights?
First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples believe they have an inherent right to sovereignty and self-government. What are inherent rights?
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Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights. Provide two reasons.
Why can Indigenous people claim inherent rights. Provide two reasons.
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Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
Can inherent rights be taken away? Explain.
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What is the difference between "self-determination" and "self-government?
What is the difference between "self-determination" and "self-government?
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Indigenous people believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. Which perspective is this known as?
Indigenous people believe in emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts. Which perspective is this known as?
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Which of the following is true regarding how First Nation groups interacted with one another?
Which of the following is true regarding how First Nation groups interacted with one another?
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What is an aspect of early European worldviews?
What is an aspect of early European worldviews?
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The Great Law of Peace
The Great Law of Peace
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Constitution
Constitution
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Two Row Wampum Treaty
Two Row Wampum Treaty
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Feudal System
Feudal System
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Imperialism
Imperialism
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Royal Proclamation
Royal Proclamation
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British North America Act
British North America Act
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Paternalistic
Paternalistic
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Why did the government begin to negotiate treaties?
Why did the government begin to negotiate treaties?
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In exchange for allowing settlers in their land, First Nations wanted to ensure their people would:
In exchange for allowing settlers in their land, First Nations wanted to ensure their people would:
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By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up the title to land they occupied in exchange for land "Set aside" by the government. By definition, what is this land called?
By the terms of Treaty One, First Nations gave up the title to land they occupied in exchange for land "Set aside" by the government. By definition, what is this land called?
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What was the difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
What was the difference between First Nations' views of treaty agreements and European views? Provide two examples.
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What were two problems with the treaty interpreters?
What were two problems with the treaty interpreters?
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How did early treaties reflect a European worldview that was more than that of the First Nations?
How did early treaties reflect a European worldview that was more than that of the First Nations?
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Why did First Nation leaders sign the agreements? Provide two examples.
Why did First Nation leaders sign the agreements? Provide two examples.
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The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life True or False?
The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life True or False?
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The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or false?
The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants. True or false?
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The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
The Eastern Woodlands people received much of what they needed for life from just a few resources, such as seals, caribou, and whales. True or False?
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On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo. True or False?
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The Easter Woodlands had more structured political systems because of the small populations. True or False?
The Easter Woodlands had more structured political systems because of the small populations. True or False?
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A high concentration of resources in any six geological regions encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
A high concentration of resources in any six geological regions encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives. True or False?
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Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as "home." True or False?
Most First Nation people saw one particular spot on the landscape as "home." True or False?
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During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. Which of the following did they use to ensure harmonious relations?
During seasonal movements, Indigenous people encountered other groups. Which of the following did they use to ensure harmonious relations?
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Which traditional land management technique reflects a form of traditional governance?
Which traditional land management technique reflects a form of traditional governance?
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Each nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did governance always respond to?
Each nation and community had its own ways of governing, but what did governance always respond to?
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Government was traditionally not a separate aspect of Indigenous society because of the belief that:
Government was traditionally not a separate aspect of Indigenous society because of the belief that:
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Systems of governing how the natural world operates that can be learned through observation and experience are called:
Systems of governing how the natural world operates that can be learned through observation and experience are called:
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The reason Metis people were a powerful force in situations of conflict was because:
The reason Metis people were a powerful force in situations of conflict was because:
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In Indigenous communities today, leadership can be:
In Indigenous communities today, leadership can be:
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The characteristics of many Indigenous leaders that make them distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders is
The characteristics of many Indigenous leaders that make them distinct from many non-Indigenous leaders is
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Who/what is an "Elder" in a First Nations community?
Who/what is an "Elder" in a First Nations community?
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List 3 different perspectives on treaties for European
List 3 different perspectives on treaties for European
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List 3 different perspectives on treaties for First Nations.
List 3 different perspectives on treaties for First Nations.
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What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed?
What are two reasons why Inuit people in early Canada were left relatively undisturbed?
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When the Metis challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland, what was the event called, and who led it?
When the Metis challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland, what was the event called, and who led it?
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Metis:
Metis:
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Road Allowance People:
Road Allowance People:
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Dominions Land Act:
Dominions Land Act:
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Louis Riel:
Louis Riel:
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Manitoba Act:
Manitoba Act:
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Scrip:
Scrip:
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Royal Commission on Indigenous people:
Royal Commission on Indigenous people:
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Canadian Government:
Canadian Government:
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What was "Scrip?"
What was "Scrip?"
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Why was the Scrip system implemented?
Why was the Scrip system implemented?
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Provide four reasons why the system failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people:
Provide four reasons why the system failed to provide the land promised to the Metis people:
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Why were the Metis people called the "Road Allowance People?"
Why were the Metis people called the "Road Allowance People?"
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Why were many Road Allownace people fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
Why were many Road Allownace people fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional hunting grounds?
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Many Road Allowance people had a much lower standard of living than nearby European Settlers because:
Many Road Allowance people had a much lower standard of living than nearby European Settlers because:
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Which Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
Which Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada?
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Even though life was difficult on the road allowance, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
Even though life was difficult on the road allowance, why do many Metis Elders look back fondly on their time spent in these communities?
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The Supreme Court of Canada defines Metis people as people who have: A historic connection to the Red River settlement.
The Supreme Court of Canada defines Metis people as people who have: A historic connection to the Red River settlement.
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"It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once." What is Emerald referring to?
"It has been a 400-year-long struggle of not belonging in either world, of trying to walk in two worlds at once." What is Emerald referring to?
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Study Notes
- Nation: A community united by shared traditions, culture, and often language, with many having political independence and distinct territories.
- Indigenous People: The original inhabitants of a land and their descendants.
- Colonization: The establishment of colonies, involving a country taking political and economic control of another, attempting cultural change, often exploiting the colonized country.
- Indigenous rights are inherent rights.
- Individual rights: privileges belonging to an individual
- Collective rights: privileges belonging to a group
Inherent Rights
- Privileges existing before Canada's nationhood, outside its constitution or governmental authority.
- Aboriginal peoples claim an inherent right to self-government as indigenous peoples.
- Exercised for centuries previously, but hampered by European colonization.
- The Canadian government recognizes this right and is working to relinquish control.
Land Definitions
- Ceded lands: Lands where legal title has been surrendered.
- Unceded lands: Territories Aboriginal peoples never agreed to share.
Concepts
- Self-determination: The principle of a territory's people controlling their political, economic, and cultural future without external interference.
- Self-government: A community's right to make decisions internally.
- The three Indigenous groups recognized by the Canadian Constitution: First Nations, Metis, and Inuit.
Stages of Colonization
- Separate Worlds Stage: Little contact and "culture shock" due to the world being lived in separate parts.
- Nation-to-Nation Relation Stage: characterized by mutual curiosity, military alliances and conflicts.
- Respect Gives Way to Domination Stage: Displacement of Indigenous people due to population shift towards more European settlers
- Renewal and Renegotiation Stage: Characterized by working together, recognition of past wrongs, and the Truth and Reconciliation Movement.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- All people are equal in rights and dignity.
- These rights are above constitutional or governmental rights.
- Rights exist simply by being human and are an inherent part of human life.
Colonial Justification
- European countries historically felt justified in changing cultures due to a belief in their own superiority and more advanced technologies.
Individual vs. Collective Rights
- Individual rights are privileges belonging to an individual.
- Collective rights are privileges belonging to a group.
- Conflicts arise when individual rights (e.g., private land ownership) clash with Indigenous traditions (e.g., shared land stewardship).
Inherent Rights Explained
- Inherent rights existed before Canada and its constitution.
- Indigenous people can claim inherent rights because they were here first and because the law recognizes it.
- Inherent rights cannot be taken away, though colonization can impede their exercise.
Self-Determination vs. Self-Government
- Self-determination is the freedom to choose.
- Self-government is one way of using that freedom.
Holistic Perspective
- Indigenous people emphasize the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts.
First Nations Interactions
- Most groups had a policy of non-interference and shared similar worldviews.
Early European Worldviews
- Early Europeans believed their culture represented the pinnacle of human civilization and were entitled to power over non-Europeans.
- The Great Law of Peace became the foundation of North America's first federal democracy.
- Constitution: The written or unwritten principles by which a nation governs itself.
- Two Row Wampum Treaty: An agreement between the Dutch and Haudenosaunee based on respect and non-interference.
- Feudal System: Landholding based on relations between the Crown, nobles, and peasants.
- Imperialism: Building and maintaining colonies controlled by a dominant state.
- Royal Proclamation: Foundation for future land agreements between First Nations and the Government of Canada.
- British North America Act: Gave First Nation people the right to negotiate self-government from one sovereign to another.
- Paternalistic: Governing a group like a parent governs a child.
- Treaties were negotiated to open the west for settlement and protect land from other interested parties.
First Nations' Treaty Goals
- To ensure their people would have a place to live.
- To ensure their people would get assistance to adapt to a new way of life.
- To ensure their people would be free to pursue a traditional lifestyle.
- Reserve land: Land "set aside" by the government in exchange for the title to land given up in Treaty One.
Treaty Viewpoints
- Europeans viewed treaties as business contracts, while First Nations viewed them as sacred oaths.
- First Nations' outlook included a spiritual element, sealing treaties with ceremonies like pipe smoking.
Treaty Problems
- Treaty interpreters caused misinterpretations.
- Government employees were biased.
Treaties and Worldviews
- Early treaties reflected a European worldview (written, individual land settlements, land ownership) more than that of the First Nations.
Treaty Signings
- First Nation leaders signed agreements to avoid armed conflict.
- First Nation leaders signed agreements as settlers were already coming in droves.
Land Importance
- The land shaped virtually every aspect of traditional First Nation and Inuit life.
- The First Nations of the Subarctic and the Plateau traditionally supported themselves by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering plants.
- On the Plains, First Nation life revolved around the Buffalo.
- High concentration of resources encouraged people to live in large groups, which resulted in highly structured social and political lives.
- Indigenous groups ensured harmonious relations through intermarriage, gift-giving, and treaties.
- Controlled burns are a traditional land management technique reflecting traditional governance.
- Governance always responded to the needs of the people and the land.
- Government was traditionally not a separate aspect of Indigenous society, because all aspects of life were interwoven.
- Natural Laws: Systems governing the natural world, learned through observation.
- Metis leadership was a powerful force in conflicts.
- Leadership in Indigenous communities today can be formal, informal, or a combination.
- Indigenous leaders often do not seek leadership roles.
- Elder: An individual that is a traditional leader and has earned the respect of their community.
European Perspectives on Treaties
- Land Ownership: Treaties were seen as gaining legal ownership of Indigenous lands.
- Legal Agreements: Treaties were viewed as formal contracts.
- Control and Expansion: Treaties were a tool to expand territory and control resources.
First Nations Perspectives on Treaties
- Sacred Agreements: Treaties were seen as spiritual and sacred promises with the Creator as a witness.
- Nation-to-Nation Partnerships: Treaties were between equals, meant to support mutual respect.
- Sharing the Land: Treaties were about sharing the land, not giving it away.
The Inuit in Early Canada
- Inuit people were left undisturbed because their land was not in demand for settlement or resources.
Red River Resistance
- The Metis challenged the Canadian government for the right to their homeland lead by Louis Riel.
Key Terms
- Metis: People of European and First Nation descent.
- Road Allowance People: People who lived as squatters on thin strips of public land set aside for construction.
- Dominions Land Act: Failed to produce any lasting benefit to the Metis people.
- Louis Riel: Used the Canadian legal system to benefit the Metis people.
- Manitoba Act: Recognized Metis people held Indigenous rights such as self-determination and self-governance.
- Scrip: The system of government established to distribute land to the Metis people.
- Royal Commission on Indigenous people: Concluded that promises made to the Metis people were violated on a massive scale.
- Canadian Government held a dismissive attitude and did not sign treaties with Metis people.
Scrip System
- A system used by the Canadian government to settle land claims with Metis people.
- Implemented by the Canadian government to extinguish Metis land claims without creating Metis reserves.
Scrip System Failures
- The Rule of location stated that the individual named in the scrip coupon had to appear in person in order to locate their scrip.
- Some Metis couldn't write and would sign forms with an "X."
- Government made the Metis choose between staying in their community or risking their lives to get a scrip.
Road Allowance People
- The Metis people were called this because hey squatted on Crown land intended for roadways.
- Many were fined and jailed for hunting on their traditional grounds due to new laws.
Living Conditions of Road Allowance People
- They had a much lower standard of living than nearby European Settlers because of increased government aid, social marginalization, a lack of employment and education, and not owning land or paying taxes.
- The Metis Population Betterment Act allowed for the creation of twelve Metis colonies, the only legislated Metis land base in Canada.
- Metis Elders look back fondly because life was simpler and people looked out for one another.
Supreme Court Definition of Metis People
- Someone who self-identifies as Metis.
- Someone who is accepted by modern Metis community.
Emerald's Observation
- Metis have had to prove they belong in Canada and have a history of being rejected by First Nations and European communities because European Settlers didn't sign treaties with Metis because they were not fully First Nations people.
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