Indigenous Knowledge and Science

Indigenous Knowledge System

• Indigenous knowledge is taught and practiced by indigenous people.
• Weather conditions are predicted based on animal behavior and celestial bodies.
• Herbal medicine is utilized.
• Food is preserved.
• Plants and animals are classified into families based on cultural properties.
• Good seeds are preserved and selected for planting.
• Indigenous technology is used in daily life.
• Local irrigation systems are built.
• Different soil types are classified for planting based on cultural properties.
• Wines and juices are produced from tropical fruits.
• The custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard is maintained.

Indigenous Science

• It's a part of the indigenous knowledge system used by various groups and early civilizations.
• Includes knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies' interactions with nature.
• It aids people in understanding their environment and dealing with daily life.
• Uses science process skills like observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem-solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting.
• Guided by cultural and community values.
• The land is seen as a source of life and a precious gift.
• The Earth is revered.
• All living and nonliving things are interconnected.
• Humans are stewards of the land with a responsibility to preserve it.
• Nature is a friend needing respect and care.
• Composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities, including ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming, and folk astronomy.

Lesson Summary: Indigenous Science and Technology

• Philippine communities have maintained indigenous knowledge, cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs.
• Indigenous knowledge is the base for the development of indigenous science.
• People in the Philippines practiced science by inventing tools, studying plants' medicinal uses, observing celestial bodies for weather prediction, and using indigenous science in agriculture.

Human Flourishing

• Eudaimonia which means "good spirited" is a term to describe the greatest degree of happiness for humans.
• Western civilization focuses more on the individual and their values.
• Eastern cultures prioritize the community, expecting individuals to sacrifice for society.
• Discoveries, innovations, and successes contribute to human knowledge.
• Humans seek to understand their place in the world by finding proofs of evolution.
• Science, technology, and human flourishing share related goals.
• The concepts of 'the good' and 'the truth' are interconnected in science.

Science as Method and Results

• The Scientific Method steps include:
  • Observation
  • Problem determination
  • Hypothesis formulation & null hypothesis rejection
  • Experiment execution
  • Results & analysis gathering
  • Conclusion & recommendation formulation
• Verification Theory distinguishes science from philosophy
  • A discipline is scientific if it can be confirmed or interpreted when an alternative hypothesis is accepted.
  • Theories lacking empirical results may be prematurely rejected.
  • Verification theory fails to eliminate coincidentally sound arguments.
• Falsification Theory
  • Karl Popper supports this view.
  • An ideology is valid until proven false and best explains phenomena over alternatives.
  • Encourages research to falsify theories.
• Science as a Social Endeavor
  • This is a new perspective on how to properly distinguish science.
  • Explores science's social aspects and technology.
  • This view benefits society.
  • Science ceases to be exclusive to scientists in laboratories.
• Science and Results
  • People are convinced by science when it produces results.
  • Other fields like religion, luck, and randomness also produce results.
  • Divination and superstition can yield similar results for communities without science access.
  • Science is not always foolproof.
• Science as Education
  • The Philippines has many science high schools.
  • Students are trained in science and mathematics with specialized curricula.
  • The field is seen as a path to high-paying jobs and a lucrative career.
  • Science and technology expertise are inadequate without social skills or introspection.
  • A true eudaimon excels in linguistic, kinetic, artistic, and socio-civic dimensions.

Lesson Summary: Human Flourishing

• Defined as being "good spirited".
• Science provides knowledge but its objectivity and methods are flawed.
• Perceptions of a good life apart from those presented must be rethought.

Technology as a Way of Revealing

• The Human Condition Before Common Era
  • Homo erectus used fire without understanding friction and heat.
  • The Stone Age marked tools of stone and flints.
  • Minerals were discovered and metalwork was forged.
  • Fur clothing and animal skin provided comfort against harsh winds.
  • Figures honored deities.
• The Human Condition in the Common Era
  • Humans find ways to defend against megafauna.
  • Flora and fauna species extinction is due to human activity.
  • People started farming for profit.
  • Those who couldn't sell their products were compensated for their skills as artisans.
  • Physical strength and intellectual gifts were valued.
• The Essence of Technology
  • Reliance on technology is common in search for the good life.
  • Humans are defined by productivity.
  • Over-reliance tech takes away from things that matter.
  • Humans reduce their surroundings to the economic value.
  • Heidegger argues essence and purpose differ.
  • Technology is a means to achieve man's end to carry out human activity.
  • Each era has its own character regarding man's being.

Lesson Summary: Technology

• Technology has been part of human activity since the beginning.
• It has helped in survival but also creates a paradox.
• Advancements expose unknown predicaments.
• Advancements help reveal our natures in finding the truth.

Aristotle and How We All Aspire for a Good Life

• Plato believed things in this world are copies.
• Change is confusing if there are two realities:
  • The world of matter changes and is impermanent.
  • The world of forms are copies and models.
• Aristotle believed there is no reality beyond what senses perceive.
• Humans aspire for their actuality.
• Every action has a function and a purpose.
• Humans aspire for to happiness which is the end all of everything that we do.
• Human flourishing is the contentment of getting the best out of life.

Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life

• Materialism
  • The atomists in Ancient Greece such as Democritus and Leucippus believed that matter creates happiness.
• Hedonism
  • Hedonists see pleasure as the ultimate goal of life, indulging as much as possible.
  • The famous mantra is, "Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die.”
• Stoicism
  • Happiness is attained by distancing oneself, generating apathy.
• Theism
  • Communion with God is the basis of happiness.
  • The world is a temporary reality before returning to God.
• Humanism
  • Freedom legislates own laws.
  • Not stewards, but in control of themselves and the world.

Lesson Summary: Good Life

• Every person has a view, but theorists thought happiness has to do with the the insides of human.
• Schools have found keys to happiness that are promising.
• Science and tech have been used to find this happiness.

When Technology and Humanity Cross

• Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers, and Humanity
  • Technologies used by people for different purposes.
  • Televisions came through experiments:
    • Paul Gottlieb Nipkow invented the "electric telescope’ with 18 lines of resolution.
    • Archibald Campbell-Swinton and Boris Rosing gave rise to systems of mechanical and electronic television.
  • mobile phones started as senior engineer at Motorola, Martin Cooper, made the call;
    • The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X, was the first commercial mobile phone released.
  • designed by Charles Babbage which was the basic framework of comptuers,
    • The first design was big -The Osborne 1 laptop was released -Laptops continue to evolve at the present time

Roles Played by Technological Advancements

• Television is utilized for ads and disseminations.
• Television is good for advocacies.
• Mobile phones good for communications by taking pictures, texts, and more.
• Personal computers and laptops are good for internet access and communications
• touchpad made the devices easier.

Ethical Dilemma Faced by Technological Advancements

• Start and end the day.
• Children are able to decide.

Robotics and Humanity

• The robot is a mechanism that is created in axes that will work, move and perfrom tasks
• A service robot performs useful work.
  • A personal type is used for the use of noncommerial and laypersons
    • A professional type used for tasks by someone.
• They are used to eleviate work Ethical Dilemma/s Law One Two Three

Computer

• The types of computers are: -Personal/desktop/Laptop/PDA/Server/Mainframe/Wearable

The World Wide Web (Internet)

• Interconnection:
  • 1958: First integrated circuit.
  • 1960s: Library of Congress developed LC MARC.
  • 1969: The UNIX operating system was ableto do multitasking.
  • 1971: Intel introduced the first microprocessor chip.
  • 1972: Philips and MCA developed an optical laserdisc.
  • 1974: Philipsa nd MCA agree on the the code of information.
  • 1975: Altair Microcomputer Kit was released for public use
  • 1977: The start of personal computer was released.
  • 1984: Developed Apple Macintosh computer
  • Mid-90s:AI away from info science
  • 1987: The recipe box metaphor
• Consinder Earth for the loss
• Bloddiversity is high
• The value of the environment for safe health.

The Information Age

• It is the digital new. LESSON 3: GMO