Indigenous Groups and Trade Networks

A ceremony for young boys to transition into manhood. Involving a solitary period of fasting and prayer in nature where an animal spirit appears.

A powerful spirit, often in animal form, that appears to a boy during his Vision Quest. This spirit guides and protects the boy for life.

It determines the individual's character traits, strengths, and weaknesses, as well as their role and responsibilities in their community.

An Indigenous value that emphasizes the importance of protecting and defending one's community, ensuring its survival.

A fundamental Indigenous value where giving gifts is central to building relationships, honoring reciprocity, and sustaining life.

The Inuit lived in the St. Lawrence Lowlands, a harsh environment with cold temperatures.

Inuit society was patrilineal, meaning lineage was traced through the father's side. Women had a limited role in decision-making.

The Inuit were nomadic people who traveled frequently to hunt seals, walruses, and whales.

Inuit relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering for their survival.

Inuit built igloos for winter shelter and tents for summer living.

A way of life where people stay in one place for long periods, typically associated with agriculture.

Sedentary people cultivated corn, squash, and beans, which made up 65-80% of their diet.

The Inuit were nomadic hunters who constantly moved around in search of food, primarily seals, walrus, and whales.

A social system where lineage and inheritance are traced through the father's line, often giving men authority over women.

The Inuit were known for their independence and lack of alliances with other groups.

Indigenous trade often occurred at the meeting points of two rivers, allowing for easy access and connection between groups.

Indigenous trade was primarily focused on obtaining essential goods for survival, such as food, clothing, and tools, rather than solely profit.

Indigenous groups exchanged goods without using currency, relying on direct bartering between communities.

The Iroquois, known for crops like corn, beans, and squash, traded with the Algoquian who supplied meat and furs.

Indigenous groups engaged in conflicts for reasons such as avenging family members or replacing deceased family members.

The Iroquois were a nomadic people who lived in the St. Lawrence Lowlands.

The Iroquois relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering for food and survival.

The Iroquois used snowshoes and toboggans for winter travel and wingwans for easier transportation.

The Iroquois built villages for protection against enemies.

Iroquois villages had a civil chief who managed village affairs and a warrior chief who led in war.

The ways a society ensures its protection and survival.

Gift-giving is essential in traditional societies for maintaining social bonds and a steady exchange of resources.

The belief in everyone being equal is foundational to the well-being of a society.

Oral tradition was crucial for transmitting knowledge and cultural values in societies without written language.

Elders played a vital role in preserving cultural knowledge by recounting myths and history to younger generations.

A close relationship with nature is the foundation of Aboriginal understanding of the world.

The Circle of Life encompasses all aspects of the universe, including living and non-living elements, with each element possessing a spirit.

The belief system that recognizes a spirit within all elements of nature, whether living or non-living.

Warriors were captured during conflicts and often subjected to torture, where bravery was measured by their endurance.

The environment significantly influenced their way of life, including their food sources, shelter, and daily routines.

The land bridge that connected Asia and North America, allowing the first people to cross over 30,000 years ago.

The Algonquin people lived in the Canadian Shield, a vast region of rocky terrain.

The Algonquin were nomadic hunters who moved with the seasons, hunting in the winter and fishing and gathering in the summer.

Algonquin society was patrilineal, with men holding leadership positions within families.

The Algonquin formed alliances with the French, creating a strong relationship that impacted their history.

A pipe used in ceremonies to release smoke as an offering to the spirit world, requesting their assistance or guidance.

An object used to capture dreams, separating good from bad, symbolizing the communication between the spirit world and the living.

Objects worn around the neck to offer protection from harm or disease, often believed to attract good spirit energy.

Shamans possess special abilities to connect with the spirit world, predict future events, interpret dreams, and heal illnesses.

Belief that upon death, a person's spirit leaves the physical realm and enters the supernatural world.