Indications for Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern of Pharmacokinetics?

  • Drug interaction and toxicology
  • Drug absorption and elimination
  • Movement of the drug within the body (correct)
  • Antimicrobial resistance and its effects
  • Which of the following is an indication for antibiotic sensitivity testing?

  • Viral infection
  • Fungal infection
  • Mild infection
  • Rapidly progressive infection (correct)
  • What is the primary route of administration for severe infections?

  • Parenteral (IV/IM) (correct)
  • Inhalation
  • Oral
  • Topical
  • What is a significant contributor to the development of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Misuse and overuse of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of antibiotics?

    <p>Vitamin C deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of gram staining in microbiology?

    <p>To classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for toxic effects on the ear?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is antibiotic sensitivity testing important?

    <p>To ensure effective treatment and prevent resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibiotics is effective against a wide variety of microbial species?

    <p>Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antibiotic sensitivity testing?

    <p>To identify the most effective antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Their cell wall structure and retention of violet stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria?

    <p>To select appropriate antibiotics for effective treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotics is useful in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria?

    <p>Extended-Spectrum Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is an example of a natural antibiotic?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics?

    <p>Treating simple odontogenic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of antibiotics based on their source?

    <p>Natural, Synthetic, and Semisynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for bactericidal antibiotics?

    <p>Destroying the bacterial cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following combinations of antibiotics is an example of synergism?

    <p>Bactericidal (Penicillin) + Bactericidal (Aminoglycoside)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for combining antibiotics?

    <p>To increase the likelihood of developing antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Using antibiotics for extended periods of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with antibiotic use?

    <p>Gastrointestinal disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of antibiotic sensitivity testing?

    <p>Determining the effectiveness of an antibiotic against a particular bacterial strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics?

    <p>Bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacterial growth, while bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotic combinations is used to treat a mixed bacterial infection like periodontitis?

    <p>Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Indications for Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing

    • Essential for patients with compromised immune systems (e.g., AIDS, leukemia)
    • Crucial for rapidly progressive infections that require immediate attention
    • Recommended when infections do not respond after 48 hours of treatment
    • Important for managing recurrent infections
    • Necessary for infections previously treated with multiple antibiotics

    Routes of Administration

    • Oral Route: Used for mild to moderate infections; available as syrup, suspension, tablets, or capsules
    • Parenteral Administration (IV/IM): Essential for severe infections, ensures high serum concentrations; used when drugs are poorly absorbed gastrointestinally; supplied in ampules or vials

    Antibiotic Resistance (AMR)

    • Antimicrobial resistance occurs when bacteria can withstand antibiotic treatment, making standard therapies ineffective
    • Contributes to persistent infections and increased mortality rates
    • Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in healthcare significantly drive this issue
    • Requires international cooperation across healthcare sectors to manage effectively

    Adverse Effects of Antibiotics

    • Common adverse effects include allergy and gastrointestinal issues
    • Potential for antibiotic resistance develops with misuse
    • Other effects: oral fungal infections, nephrotoxicity, tooth discoloration, vitamin B deficiency, and ototoxicity (hearing loss)

    Terminology: Pharmacokinetics

    • Pharmacokinetics deals with the drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion within the body

    Antibiotic Classification

    • According to Source:

      • Natural: Penicillin, Erythromycin
      • Synthetic: Sulfonamides, Quinolones
      • Semisynthetic: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
    • According to Antimicrobial Spectrum:

      • Narrow-Spectrum: Effective against specific bacteria (e.g., gram-positive or gram-negative)
      • Broad-Spectrum: Effective against a wide range of species, useful for complex infections
      • Extended-Spectrum: Effective against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria; useful for multi-drug resistant infections
    • According to Mode of Action:

      • Bacteriostatic Antibiotics: Inhibit bacterial growth, allowing the immune system to eliminate pathogens
      • Bactericidal Antibiotics: Directly kill bacteria, appropriate for severely ill patients

    Mechanism of Action of Different Antibiotics

    • Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis: Disrupts bacterial cell structure
    • Inhibition of DNA Synthesis: Suppresses bacterial replication
    • Inhibition of Ribosomal Protein Synthesis: Affects bacterial protein production
    • Inhibition of Bacterial Metabolism: Interferes with metabolic processes essential for bacterial survival

    Combination of Antibiotics

    • Indications for Combination:

      • To broaden the antibiotic spectrum (e.g., Augmentin: Amoxicillin & Clavulanic acid)
      • To treat mixed bacterial infections like periodontitis
      • For managing serious infections such as meningitis
      • To combat resistant strains (e.g., tuberculosis, syphilis)
      • To minimize drug toxicity using lower doses of two drugs
    • Results of Combinations:

      • Synergism: Combination of two bactericidal antibiotics results in a greater effect than if used alone (e.g., Penicillin + Aminoglycoside)
      • Addition: Combination of two bacteriostatic antibiotics produces an effect equal to their individual contributions (e.g., Tetracycline + Sulphonamide)

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    Related Documents

    Antibiotics (Part 1) PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential scenarios where culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing is necessary, including for patients with compromised immune systems, severe infections, and more.

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