Indian Society: Caste System and Social Structure

Indian Society

Caste System

• Hierarchical system of social stratification based on occupation and ritual purity
• Four main varnas (categories):
  • Brahmins (priests and teachers)
  • Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)
  • Vaishyas (merchants and farmers)
  • Shudras (labourers)
• Caste system is hereditary and endogamous (marriage within own caste)
• Untouchables (Dalits) outside the caste system, performing menial jobs

Social Structure

• Joint family system: extended family living together
• Patriarchal society: male dominance in family and society
• Kinship ties: strong bonds between family members and relatives
• Village community: close-knit community with shared resources and social events

Social Change and Reform

• British colonization: introduced Western education, law, and governance, leading to social reform movements
• Indian Renaissance: 19th-century reform movements, e.g., Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj
• Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement: non-violent resistance against British rule
• Post-Independence: constitutional guarantees of equality, education, and social justice

Social Issues

• Poverty: widespread, especially in rural areas
• Gender inequality: women's limited access to education, employment, and decision-making
• Caste-based discrimination: ongoing struggle for Dalit rights and social inclusion
• Urbanization: rapid growth of cities, leading to social and environmental challenges