Indian Philosophy: Orthodox Schools
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the Nyaya school of philosophy?

  • Metaphysics and cosmology
  • Spiritual practices and self-control
  • Logic and epistemology (correct)
  • Ethics and rituals

    • Which school of philosophy is focused on spiritual knowledge and self-realization?

  • Sankhya
  • Vedanta (correct)
  • Mimamsa
  • Vaisheshika

    • Who is the founder of the Vaisheshika school of philosophy?

  • Kanada (correct)
  • Gautama
  • Jaimini
  • Patanjali

    • What is the primary goal of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?

    <p>Attainment of heaven and liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which school of philosophy is focused on cosmology and evolution?

    <p>Sankhya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the founder of the Yoga school of philosophy?

    <p>Patanjali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Charvaka school of philosophy?

    <p>Enjoyment of life and rejection of authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many orthodox schools of philosophy are there in Indian philosophy?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Sankhya school of philosophy?

    <p>Metaphysics and cosmology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which school of philosophy is focused on materialism and hedonism?

    <p>Charvaka</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview

    Indian schools of philosophy, also known as Darshanas, are ancient philosophical traditions that originated in India. There are six orthodox and three heterodox schools of philosophy.

    Orthodox Schools (Astika)

    These schools accept the authority of the Vedas, ancient Indian scriptures.

    1. Nyaya

    • Focuses on logic and epistemology
    • Founded by Gautama
    • Emphasizes the importance of perception, inference, and verbal testimony as means of knowledge
    • Goal: liberation through knowledge of reality

    2. Vaisheshika

    • Focuses on metaphysics and cosmology
    • Founded by Kanada
    • Proposes that the universe is composed of nine fundamental substances (dravya)
    • Goal: liberation through knowledge of the ultimate reality (Brahman)

    3. Mimamsa

    • Focuses on ethics and rituals
    • Founded by Jaimini
    • Emphasizes the importance of dharma (duty) and the performance of rituals
    • Goal: attainment of heaven and liberation

    4. Vedanta

    • Focuses on spiritual knowledge and self-realization
    • Founded by Badarayana
    • Interprets the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita
    • Goal: liberation through knowledge of the ultimate reality (Brahman)

    5. Yoga

    • Focuses on spiritual practices and self-control
    • Founded by Patanjali
    • Emphasizes the importance of meditation, concentration, and self-control
    • Goal: liberation through the union of the individual self (jiva) with the ultimate reality (Brahman)

    6. Sankhya

    • Focuses on cosmology and evolution
    • Founded by Kapila
    • Proposes a dualistic view of the universe, with purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (nature) as the fundamental principles
    • Goal: liberation through knowledge of the ultimate reality (Brahman)

    Heterodox Schools (Nastika)

    These schools do not accept the authority of the Vedas.

    1. Charvaka

    • Focuses on materialism and hedonism
    • Founded by Charvaka
    • Emphasizes the importance of sense experience and pleasure
    • Goal: enjoyment of life and rejection of authority

    2. Ajñana

    • Focuses on skepticism and agnosticism
    • Founded by unknown authors
    • Emphasizes the uncertainty of knowledge and the limitations of language
    • Goal: rejection of dogmatic beliefs and acceptance of uncertainty

    3. Buddhism

    • Focuses on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path
    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
    • Emphasizes the importance of compassion, wisdom, and mindfulness
    • Goal: attainment of Nirvana, the state of liberation from suffering

    Indian Schools of Philosophy

    • Indian schools of philosophy are ancient philosophical traditions that originated in India, known as Darshanas.

    Orthodox Schools (Astika)

    • There are six orthodox schools, which accept the authority of the Vedas, ancient Indian scriptures.

    Nyaya

    • Focuses on logic and epistemology.
    • Founded by Gautama.
    • Emphasizes perception, inference, and verbal testimony as means of knowledge.
    • Seeks liberation through knowledge of reality.

    Vaisheshika

    • Focuses on metaphysics and cosmology.
    • Founded by Kanada.
    • Proposes nine fundamental substances (dravya) that compose the universe.
    • Seeks liberation through knowledge of the ultimate reality (Brahman).

    Mimamsa

    • Focuses on ethics and rituals.
    • Founded by Jaimini.
    • Emphasizes the importance of dharma (duty) and the performance of rituals.
    • Seeks attainment of heaven and liberation.

    Vedanta

    • Focuses on spiritual knowledge and self-realization.
    • Founded by Badarayana.
    • Interprets the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.
    • Seeks liberation through knowledge of the ultimate reality (Brahman).

    Yoga

    • Focuses on spiritual practices and self-control.
    • Founded by Patanjali.
    • Emphasizes meditation, concentration, and self-control.
    • Seeks liberation through the union of the individual self (jiva) with the ultimate reality (Brahman).

    Sankhya

    • Focuses on cosmology and evolution.
    • Founded by Kapila.
    • Proposes a dualistic view of the universe, with purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (nature) as the fundamental principles.
    • Seeks liberation through knowledge of the ultimate reality (Brahman).

    Heterodox Schools (Nastika)

    • There are three heterodox schools, which do not accept the authority of the Vedas.

    Charvaka

    • Focuses on materialism and hedonism.
    • Founded by Charvaka.
    • Emphasizes sense experience and pleasure.
    • Seeks enjoyment of life and rejection of authority.

    Ajñana

    • Focuses on skepticism and agnosticism.
    • Founded by unknown authors.
    • Emphasizes uncertainty of knowledge and limitations of language.
    • Seeks rejection of dogmatic beliefs and acceptance of uncertainty.

    Buddhism

    • Focuses on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha).
    • Emphasizes compassion, wisdom, and mindfulness.
    • Seeks attainment of Nirvana, the state of liberation from suffering.

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    Description

    Learn about the ancient Indian philosophical traditions, including Nyaya and other orthodox schools that accept the authority of the Vedas.

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