Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus when constructing the history of modern India?
What is the primary focus when constructing the history of modern India?
What type of documents are archives usually composed of?
What type of documents are archives usually composed of?
Which records provide a detailed account of trading conditions from 1600–1857?
Which records provide a detailed account of trading conditions from 1600–1857?
What do archives NOT aim to do according to the text?
What do archives NOT aim to do according to the text?
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Where are the archives of the princely states Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopal located?
Where are the archives of the princely states Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopal located?
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Which presidency's early records were lost during the sack of Calcutta in 1756?
Which presidency's early records were lost during the sack of Calcutta in 1756?
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Where are the Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar housed?
Where are the Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar housed?
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Which European power's archives were taken to Paris by the French authorities?
Which European power's archives were taken to Paris by the French authorities?
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Where are the archives of the Mayor’s Court at Fort St. George located?
Where are the archives of the Mayor’s Court at Fort St. George located?
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Which European power's records were transferred to Copenhagen when they sold Tranquebar and Serampore to the English East India Company in 1845?
Which European power's records were transferred to Copenhagen when they sold Tranquebar and Serampore to the English East India Company in 1845?
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In which state are the archives of Bombay Presidency housed?
In which state are the archives of Bombay Presidency housed?
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What is the primary focus of many paintings in the new trend discussed in the text?
What is the primary focus of many paintings in the new trend discussed in the text?
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Which type of records can be found in Foreign Repositories according to the text?
Which type of records can be found in Foreign Repositories according to the text?
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In terms of archival materials, what do Private Archives typically consist of?
In terms of archival materials, what do Private Archives typically consist of?
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What sources are NOT mentioned in the text as relevant materials for studying modern Indian art movements?
What sources are NOT mentioned in the text as relevant materials for studying modern Indian art movements?
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Where are the papers of eminent leaders of the nationalist movement and the records of organizations like the Indian National Congress housed?
Where are the papers of eminent leaders of the nationalist movement and the records of organizations like the Indian National Congress housed?
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Where can one find records related to British viceroys, secretaries of states, and high-ranked civil and military officials who were posted in India?
Where can one find records related to British viceroys, secretaries of states, and high-ranked civil and military officials who were posted in India?
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Which location houses the archives of the missionary societies like the Church Missionary Society of London?
Which location houses the archives of the missionary societies like the Church Missionary Society of London?
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Where can one find records that provide insight into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
Where can one find records that provide insight into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
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Where can one find the records related to French possessions and socio-political conditions?
Where can one find the records related to French possessions and socio-political conditions?
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Where can one find records related to Danish possessions?
Where can one find records related to Danish possessions?
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Which source provides valuable historical material related to modern India from erstwhile imperialist powers?
Which source provides valuable historical material related to modern India from erstwhile imperialist powers?
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Where can one find records related to Dutch East India Company?
Where can one find records related to Dutch East India Company?
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Which collection provides insight into the economic changes in modern India?
Which collection provides insight into the economic changes in modern India?
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Who was the first person to publish a newspaper in India, and what was the name of the newspaper?
Who was the first person to publish a newspaper in India, and what was the name of the newspaper?
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Which literary genre emerged in the latter half of the 19th century due to Indo-European contact?
Which literary genre emerged in the latter half of the 19th century due to Indo-European contact?
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What was the aim of early newspapers and journals in India during the second half of the 19th century?
What was the aim of early newspapers and journals in India during the second half of the 19th century?
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Who was the Bengali novelist that emerged as the first important writer in the latter half of the 19th century?
Who was the Bengali novelist that emerged as the first important writer in the latter half of the 19th century?
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Which type of evidence refers to history constructed from non-written sources like personal reminiscence?
Which type of evidence refers to history constructed from non-written sources like personal reminiscence?
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What was the title of Victor Jacquemont's work about his journey in India?
What was the title of Victor Jacquemont's work about his journey in India?
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What was the response to James Augustus Hickey's newspaper publication in India?
What was the response to James Augustus Hickey's newspaper publication in India?
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'Bande Matram' was published in which city?
'Bande Matram' was published in which city?
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'The Hindu and Swadesamitran' were published under whose editorship?
'The Hindu and Swadesamitran' were published under whose editorship?
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Which Indian revolutionary was associated with the newspaper 'Ghadar'?
Which Indian revolutionary was associated with the newspaper 'Ghadar'?
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Who were among some of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress in 1885?
Who were among some of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress in 1885?
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Which novel is noted for its powerful lyric 'Vandemataram' and depiction of the Sanyasi Revolt (1760s)?
Which novel is noted for its powerful lyric 'Vandemataram' and depiction of the Sanyasi Revolt (1760s)?
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Who is known for being a fine scholar of medieval Gujarati literary history?
Who is known for being a fine scholar of medieval Gujarati literary history?
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Which novel by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer is a tragic tale of love?
Which novel by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer is a tragic tale of love?
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Which work by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai focuses on the life of the marginalised and oppressed sections of society?
Which work by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai focuses on the life of the marginalised and oppressed sections of society?
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What type of paintings provide important records of the great revolt of 1857?
What type of paintings provide important records of the great revolt of 1857?
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'Patna Kalam' refers to which type of paintings?
'Patna Kalam' refers to which type of paintings?
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'Tottiyude Makan' by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai was written in which language?
'Tottiyude Makan' by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai was written in which language?
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Who was one of the eminent writers in Malayalam known for 'The Childhood Friends'?
Who was one of the eminent writers in Malayalam known for 'The Childhood Friends'?
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Who played a vital role in the rise of the Bengal School of art?
Who played a vital role in the rise of the Bengal School of art?
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Which type of paintings depicted both mythological figures and social changes in Calcutta in the 19th century?
Which type of paintings depicted both mythological figures and social changes in Calcutta in the 19th century?
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In which century did photography replace Company Paintings as a popular medium in India?
In which century did photography replace Company Paintings as a popular medium in India?
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What type of records can be found in the National Archives of India?
What type of records can be found in the National Archives of India?
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Which department was responsible for scientifically mapping unknown regions of the country during colonial rule?
Which department was responsible for scientifically mapping unknown regions of the country during colonial rule?
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What is housed in the Alienation Office in Pune and provides a valuable source for studying Maratha history?
What is housed in the Alienation Office in Pune and provides a valuable source for studying Maratha history?
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Which records provide valuable information on contemporary socio-economic conditions and geographical matters?
Which records provide valuable information on contemporary socio-economic conditions and geographical matters?
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Where are the archives of the princely states Jaipur, Bikaner, and Udaipur located now?
Where are the archives of the princely states Jaipur, Bikaner, and Udaipur located now?
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Which European power's archives are mentioned as being taken to Paris by French authorities?
Which European power's archives are mentioned as being taken to Paris by French authorities?
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What records provide data for studying the social and religious policies of the colonial government?
What records provide data for studying the social and religious policies of the colonial government?
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Which set of records was started in 1907 exclusively to deal with political and communal issues?
Which set of records was started in 1907 exclusively to deal with political and communal issues?
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What type of records does the National Archives of India NOT contain?
What type of records does the National Archives of India NOT contain?
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Where can valuable source material be found for studying the pre-British public archives in India related to Maratha history?
Where can valuable source material be found for studying the pre-British public archives in India related to Maratha history?
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What was James Rennell appointed as in 1767?
What was James Rennell appointed as in 1767?
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What do newspapers and journals provide valuable information on?
What do newspapers and journals provide valuable information on?
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What type of documents are generally considered primary source documents in archives?
What type of documents are generally considered primary source documents in archives?
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What do the official records relating to modern India help historians trace?
What do the official records relating to modern India help historians trace?
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What valuable information do the records of the European East India companies provide for constructing the history of the 17th and 18th centuries?
What valuable information do the records of the European East India companies provide for constructing the history of the 17th and 18th centuries?
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What is the unique characteristic of archives that distinguishes them from other historical materials?
What is the unique characteristic of archives that distinguishes them from other historical materials?
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What type of documents are found in Foreign Repositories according to the text?
What type of documents are found in Foreign Repositories according to the text?
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Where can one find records related to Dutch East India Company according to the text?
Where can one find records related to Dutch East India Company according to the text?
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Which type of paintings are mentioned to be focusing on both mythological themes and social changes in Calcutta in the 19th century?
Which type of paintings are mentioned to be focusing on both mythological themes and social changes in Calcutta in the 19th century?
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Where can one find records that provide insight into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
Where can one find records that provide insight into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
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Which type of historical material is available in the Foreign Repositories mentioned in the text?
Which type of historical material is available in the Foreign Repositories mentioned in the text?
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Where are the archives of the Dutch East India Company available according to the text?
Where are the archives of the Dutch East India Company available according to the text?
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Who left accounts of their experiences in India in the form of biographies, memoirs, and travel accounts according to the text?
Who left accounts of their experiences in India in the form of biographies, memoirs, and travel accounts according to the text?
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Which European power's records are available in the Archives Nationale, Paris?
Which European power's records are available in the Archives Nationale, Paris?
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Where can one find valuable records about India's relations with neighbouring countries in the colonial era?
Where can one find valuable records about India's relations with neighbouring countries in the colonial era?
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Which archives provide insights into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
Which archives provide insights into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
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Which set of records are kept in Copenhagen and Lisbon according to the text?
Which set of records are kept in Copenhagen and Lisbon according to the text?
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Where are the archives of the Danish possessions mainly transferred to?
Where are the archives of the Danish possessions mainly transferred to?
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What records can be found in the Maharashtra Secretariat Record Office in Mumbai?
What records can be found in the Maharashtra Secretariat Record Office in Mumbai?
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Where are the Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar located?
Where are the Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar located?
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Which European power's archives were not taken to Paris by French authorities?
Which European power's archives were not taken to Paris by French authorities?
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Where can one find the earliest judicial archives from AD 1689?
Where can one find the earliest judicial archives from AD 1689?
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Which state papers collection is valuable for studying Dogra rule from 1846?
Which state papers collection is valuable for studying Dogra rule from 1846?
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What records are extremely useful for studying the history of Western India according to the text?
What records are extremely useful for studying the history of Western India according to the text?
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Where are the archives related to British viceroys and high-ranked officials posted in India located?
Where are the archives related to British viceroys and high-ranked officials posted in India located?
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What type of records do the archives related to Portuguese preserved in Goa mainly belong to?
What type of records do the archives related to Portuguese preserved in Goa mainly belong to?
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The archives of which presidency begin from AD 1670 and include records about English conflicts with other Indian powers?
The archives of which presidency begin from AD 1670 and include records about English conflicts with other Indian powers?
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What do the archives of Three Presidencies contain that is useful for studying English conflicts and struggles with other Indian powers?
What do the archives of Three Presidencies contain that is useful for studying English conflicts and struggles with other Indian powers?
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Who published the first newspaper in India in 1780?
Who published the first newspaper in India in 1780?
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Which Indian newspaper editor/publisher was associated with the publication 'The Hindu and Swadesamitran'?
Which Indian newspaper editor/publisher was associated with the publication 'The Hindu and Swadesamitran'?
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Which individual announced their intention to publish a newspaper after being censured by the Court of Directors of the English East India Company?
Which individual announced their intention to publish a newspaper after being censured by the Court of Directors of the English East India Company?
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Which newspaper editor's press was seized within two years due to criticism of government officials?
Which newspaper editor's press was seized within two years due to criticism of government officials?
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Who emerged as the first important writer of the novel genre in late 19th-century India?
Who emerged as the first important writer of the novel genre in late 19th-century India?
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Which noted newspaper emerged in Punjab during the early period?
Which noted newspaper emerged in Punjab during the early period?
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Which Indian nationalist figure was associated with the publication 'Voice of India'?
Which Indian nationalist figure was associated with the publication 'Voice of India'?
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Which novel by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer is a tragic tale of love?
Which novel by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer is a tragic tale of love?
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Who was a fine scholar of medieval Gujarati literary history?
Who was a fine scholar of medieval Gujarati literary history?
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Which novel provides a picture of the social milieu during the colonial period?
Which novel provides a picture of the social milieu during the colonial period?
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Which movement received its primary stimulus from growing nationalism in India?
Which movement received its primary stimulus from growing nationalism in India?
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Who wrote the novel 'Chemmeen'?
Who wrote the novel 'Chemmeen'?
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Which novel was one of the earliest Indian novels with political overtones?
Which novel was one of the earliest Indian novels with political overtones?
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'In Memoriam' by Joseph Noel Paton recorded two years of which event?
'In Memoriam' by Joseph Noel Paton recorded two years of which event?
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'Keelubommalu' by G.V.Krishna Rao was concerned with which aspect?
'Keelubommalu' by G.V.Krishna Rao was concerned with which aspect?
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What was one of the primary functions of newspapers and journals that emerged in the later part of the 18th century in India?
What was one of the primary functions of newspapers and journals that emerged in the later part of the 18th century in India?
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Where can valuable source material be found for studying the history of the princely states of Rajasthan like Jaipur and Udaipur?
Where can valuable source material be found for studying the history of the princely states of Rajasthan like Jaipur and Udaipur?
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Which archives provide valuable information on the emergence of the nationalist movement and constitutional developments from 1920 to 1937?
Which archives provide valuable information on the emergence of the nationalist movement and constitutional developments from 1920 to 1937?
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What is a significant historical aspect that can be learned from the records of the Survey of India?
What is a significant historical aspect that can be learned from the records of the Survey of India?
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Where can one find primary source materials about the colonial education policies and growth of the education system in India?
Where can one find primary source materials about the colonial education policies and growth of the education system in India?
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In which set of records would one find detailed information about the social and religious policies of the colonial government?
In which set of records would one find detailed information about the social and religious policies of the colonial government?
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What do archives primarily consist of when studying modern Indian history?
What do archives primarily consist of when studying modern Indian history?
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Why are the records of the East India Company considered important for historians?
Why are the records of the East India Company considered important for historians?
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What is the significance of the records of other European East India companies for constructing modern Indian history?
What is the significance of the records of other European East India companies for constructing modern Indian history?
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Why are archives considered priority sources when constructing the history of modern India?
Why are archives considered priority sources when constructing the history of modern India?
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What type of sources provide valuable insights into the history of 18th and early 19th-century India?
What type of sources provide valuable insights into the history of 18th and early 19th-century India?
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Where can one find the archives that contain most of the records of the Government of India?
Where can one find the archives that contain most of the records of the Government of India?
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Which category of official records includes records related to intermediate and subordinate authorities?
Which category of official records includes records related to intermediate and subordinate authorities?
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What is the significance of the Survey of India records and surveyors' memoirs in understanding historical aspects?
What is the significance of the Survey of India records and surveyors' memoirs in understanding historical aspects?
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Which set of records is useful for studying the social and religious policies of the colonial government during the British rule in India?
Which set of records is useful for studying the social and religious policies of the colonial government during the British rule in India?
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Which series of records was initiated in 1907 to exclusively focus on political and communal issues in India?
Which series of records was initiated in 1907 to exclusively focus on political and communal issues in India?
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Where are the archives of the princely states Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal, and Rewa located?
Where are the archives of the princely states Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal, and Rewa located?
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Where can one find valuable source material for studying Maratha history prior to the fall of the Peshwas?
Where can one find valuable source material for studying Maratha history prior to the fall of the Peshwas?
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Which foreign archives contain valuable historical material related to Portuguese possessions in India from 1700 to 1900?
Which foreign archives contain valuable historical material related to Portuguese possessions in India from 1700 to 1900?
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Which archives would one refer to for studying the history of princely states like Jaipur and Udaipur?
Which archives would one refer to for studying the history of princely states like Jaipur and Udaipur?
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Where are the Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar located?
Where are the Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar located?
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Where can one find archives that contain a valuable collection for studying Dogra rule in Jammu and Kashmir from 1846 onwards?
Where can one find archives that contain a valuable collection for studying Dogra rule in Jammu and Kashmir from 1846 onwards?
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Which location houses the archives of the Danish possessions that were mainly transferred to Copenhagen?
Which location houses the archives of the Danish possessions that were mainly transferred to Copenhagen?
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'Khalsa Darbar' records from 1800 to 1849 are a significant source material for which region's history?
'Khalsa Darbar' records from 1800 to 1849 are a significant source material for which region's history?
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Where can one find the records of the Mayor’s Court at Bombay established in 1728?
Where can one find the records of the Mayor’s Court at Bombay established in 1728?
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Which sets of records are mentioned as valuable for an analytical study of constitutional developments from 1920 to 1937?
Which sets of records are mentioned as valuable for an analytical study of constitutional developments from 1920 to 1937?
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What type of historical material is NOT available in the Foreign Repositories mentioned in the text?
What type of historical material is NOT available in the Foreign Repositories mentioned in the text?
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Where are the archives of the Madras Presidency from AD 1670 located?
Where are the archives of the Madras Presidency from AD 1670 located?
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What do the archives of Three Presidencies contain that is useful for studying English conflicts and struggles with other Indian powers?
What do the archives of Three Presidencies contain that is useful for studying English conflicts and struggles with other Indian powers?
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What type of records can be found in the Maharashtra Secretariat Record Office in Mumbai?
What type of records can be found in the Maharashtra Secretariat Record Office in Mumbai?
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What do the archives of Bombay Presidency provide valuable insights into?
What do the archives of Bombay Presidency provide valuable insights into?
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Which archives house judicial records from Mayor’s Court at Fort St. George starting from AD 1689?
Which archives house judicial records from Mayor’s Court at Fort St. George starting from AD 1689?
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Where are the archives of the Danish and Portuguese possessions kept?
Where are the archives of the Danish and Portuguese possessions kept?
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Which missionary society's archives provide insight into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
Which missionary society's archives provide insight into the educational and social development in pre-independent India?
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Who wrote 'Hindu Manners and Customs' which provides useful information on the socio-economic life of India?
Who wrote 'Hindu Manners and Customs' which provides useful information on the socio-economic life of India?
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Where can records that throw light on the history of French possessions be found?
Where can records that throw light on the history of French possessions be found?
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Which archives provide information about regional history besides India's relations with neighbouring countries in the colonial era?
Which archives provide information about regional history besides India's relations with neighbouring countries in the colonial era?
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Who wrote 'Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde'?
Who wrote 'Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde'?
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'Travels Into Bokhara' was written by which British traveller?
'Travels Into Bokhara' was written by which British traveller?
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'Letters from India: Describing a Journey in the British Dominions of India, Tibet, Lahore, and Cashmere During the Years 1828, 1829, 1830 1831' was written by whom?
'Letters from India: Describing a Journey in the British Dominions of India, Tibet, Lahore, and Cashmere During the Years 1828, 1829, 1830 1831' was written by whom?
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'Diary of the Travels and Adventures in Upper India' was authored by which British traveller?
'Diary of the Travels and Adventures in Upper India' was authored by which British traveller?
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In which repository can one find records that provide insight into the history of modern India under imperialist powers?
In which repository can one find records that provide insight into the history of modern India under imperialist powers?
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Which missionary society's archives provide valuable data for studying socio-economic conditions during pre-independent India?
Which missionary society's archives provide valuable data for studying socio-economic conditions during pre-independent India?
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Who published the first newspaper in India in 1780?
Who published the first newspaper in India in 1780?
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Which Bengali novelist is known for the novel Anandamath and the powerful lyric 'Vandemataram'?
Which Bengali novelist is known for the novel Anandamath and the powerful lyric 'Vandemataram'?
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In which city was the newspaper 'The Hindu and Swadesamitran' published under G.Subramaniya Iyer's editorship?
In which city was the newspaper 'The Hindu and Swadesamitran' published under G.Subramaniya Iyer's editorship?
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Who was associated with the publication 'Indian Mirror'?
Who was associated with the publication 'Indian Mirror'?
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Which Indian nationalist figure was associated with the publication 'Bande Matram' in Paris?
Which Indian nationalist figure was associated with the publication 'Bande Matram' in Paris?
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Who wrote the novel 'Hind ane Britannia', one of the earliest Indian novels with political overtones?
Who wrote the novel 'Hind ane Britannia', one of the earliest Indian novels with political overtones?
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'Voice of India' was associated with which Indian nationalist figure?
'Voice of India' was associated with which Indian nationalist figure?
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'Anandamath' is known for its depiction of which historical event?
'Anandamath' is known for its depiction of which historical event?
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'The Tribune' emerged as a noted newspaper in which region during the early period?
'The Tribune' emerged as a noted newspaper in which region during the early period?
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'Hind ane Britannia' was authored by a fine scholar of medieval Gujarati literary history named:
'Hind ane Britannia' was authored by a fine scholar of medieval Gujarati literary history named:
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Which art movement in India received its primary stimulus from growing nationalism in the country?
Which art movement in India received its primary stimulus from growing nationalism in the country?
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Who was known for writing the novel 'The Childhood Friends' which is a tragic tale of love?
Who was known for writing the novel 'The Childhood Friends' which is a tragic tale of love?
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What was the focus of G.V. Krishna Rao's novel 'The Puppets' (Keelubommalu)?
What was the focus of G.V. Krishna Rao's novel 'The Puppets' (Keelubommalu)?
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What type of records are important sources for studying the great revolt of 1857?
What type of records are important sources for studying the great revolt of 1857?
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Which prominent writer is associated with the novel 'Son of a Scavenger'?
Which prominent writer is associated with the novel 'Son of a Scavenger'?
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Which group of paintings emerged under the patronage of the East India Company?
Which group of paintings emerged under the patronage of the East India Company?
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Who is known for their depiction of ordinary people engaged in their daily lives through Kalighat paintings?
Who is known for their depiction of ordinary people engaged in their daily lives through Kalighat paintings?
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'Chemmeen' and 'Tottiyude Makan' are novels written originally in which language?
'Chemmeen' and 'Tottiyude Makan' are novels written originally in which language?
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Which painting is an example commemorating British heroes during the events of 1857?
Which painting is an example commemorating British heroes during the events of 1857?
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What did the Company Paintings mainly depict?
What did the Company Paintings mainly depict?
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Who played a vital role in the rise of the Bengal School art movement alongside Abanindranath Tagore?
Who played a vital role in the rise of the Bengal School art movement alongside Abanindranath Tagore?
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Study Notes
- Historical material for studying modern India (mid-18th century to mid-20th century) is abundant, with priority given to archives.
- Archives are collections of original historical records and documents, primarily official records and those of European East India companies.
- Contemporary and semi-contemporary works, such as memoirs, biographies, travel accounts, newspapers, and journals, also provide valuable information.
- Central Government Archives:
- National Archives of India in New Delhi contains most authentic and reliable source materials on varied aspects of modern Indian history.
- Records of Survey of India provide valuable information on geographical matters, contemporary socio-economic conditions, and historical aspects.
- Proceedings of public, judicial, and legislative departments provide information on social and religious policies of the colonial government.
- State Government Archives:
- Records of former British Indian provinces, erstwhile princely states, and foreign administrations available in various state archives.
- Peshwa Daftar in Pune is the most valuable single source for studying Maratha history.
- Archives of princely states of Rajasthan, Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal, and Rewa provide valuable information for studying their histories.
- Archives of Three Presidencies:
- Bengal Presidency records, partly available in National Archives of India and State Archives of West Bengal, provide information on rise of the English East India Company as a political power.
- Records of Madras and Bombay Presidencies provide information on the history of South India and Western India, respectively.
- Archives of Other European Powers:
- Portuguese archives in Goa are valuable for the history of Portuguese possessions in India.
- Dutch records of Cochin and Malabar, French archives of Chandernagore and Pondicherry, and Danish records of Tranquebar are also useful.
- Judicial Records:
- Earliest available judicial archives are the Mayor’s Court records at Fort St.George, starting from AD 1689.
- Records of Mayor’s Courts at Fort Williams and Bombay are also available and contain proceedings, minutes, copies of wills, probates, and letters of administration.
- Published Archives:
- Parliamentary Papers include excerpts from East India Company records and Government of India records under the Crown.
- Proceedings of Indian and provincial legislatures, weekly gazettes, and collections of laws and regulations are also useful.
- Private Archives:
- Eminent leaders of the nationalist movement and records of organizations like the Indian National Congress are housed in Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.
- Foreign Repositories:
- A vast body of historical material related to modern India is available in the repositories of erstwhile imperialist powers.
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Test your knowledge on Indian novelists and their notable works with this quiz. From historical novels to political overtones, explore the contributions of authors like Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Iccharam Suryaram Desai.