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Questions and Answers
What was a significant outcome of the Lucknow Pact in 1916?
What was a significant outcome of the Lucknow Pact in 1916?
What was one of the primary features of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919?
What was one of the primary features of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919?
Which groups were granted the right to separate electorates under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms?
Which groups were granted the right to separate electorates under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms?
What sentiment emerged among Muslims due to the British stance towards Turkey during the war?
What sentiment emerged among Muslims due to the British stance towards Turkey during the war?
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How long was the tenure for the Lower House established by the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms?
How long was the tenure for the Lower House established by the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms?
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What was the primary reason given by the British government for the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
What was the primary reason given by the British government for the Partition of Bengal in 1905?
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What significant movement was launched in response to the Partition of Bengal?
What significant movement was launched in response to the Partition of Bengal?
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Who were the founders of the Muslim League in 1906?
Who were the founders of the Muslim League in 1906?
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What was a major consequence of the Partition of Bengal regarding communal relations?
What was a major consequence of the Partition of Bengal regarding communal relations?
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What was one of the main features of the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909?
What was one of the main features of the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909?
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What was a common form of protest adopted during the Swadeshi Movement?
What was a common form of protest adopted during the Swadeshi Movement?
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Which event is referred to as the Surat Split?
Which event is referred to as the Surat Split?
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Which group faced repression during the Swadeshi Movement?
Which group faced repression during the Swadeshi Movement?
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What was one of the early demands of the Indian National Congress?
What was one of the early demands of the Indian National Congress?
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Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress?
Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress?
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What ideology did the moderates of the Indian National Congress primarily believe in?
What ideology did the moderates of the Indian National Congress primarily believe in?
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What significant factor contributed to the rise of nationalism in India?
What significant factor contributed to the rise of nationalism in India?
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Which prominent leader is known for the slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it'?
Which prominent leader is known for the slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it'?
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Which group within the Indian National Congress believed in capturing the organization from within rather than breaking away?
Which group within the Indian National Congress believed in capturing the organization from within rather than breaking away?
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What were the early associations formed prior to the Indian National Congress commonly focused on?
What were the early associations formed prior to the Indian National Congress commonly focused on?
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What was the main sentiment that led to the radical shift in Indian nationalism during the late 19th century?
What was the main sentiment that led to the radical shift in Indian nationalism during the late 19th century?
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Study Notes
Indian National Movement - Keynotes
- Factors leading to Nationalism: Resentment against economic exploitation, rise of Indian press & literature, improved transport & communication
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Early Associations:
- Landholders' Society (Calcutta, 1838)
- Bengal British India Society (1843)
- Madras Native Association & Bombay Association (1852)
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Indian National Congress (INC):
- Formed by A.O. Hume, 28th December 1885
- First President: Womesh Chandra Banerjee
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Moderates:
- Believed in constitutional methods (petitions) and faith in British government
- Early demands: Indianization of civil service, increased participation in legislative assembly, more funds for education, reduced military expenditure & tax burden
- Limitations: reliance on prayers & petitions, British indifference, growing disillusionment with British treatment
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Growth of Extremism:
- Opposed Moderates' ideologies and methods
- Advocated for "Swaraj" (self-rule)
- Sought to capture Congress & reform it from within
- Demanded complete autonomy & self-rule
The Partition of Bengal (1905)
- Reasoning: Lord Curzon divided the province of Bengal, claimed it was for better administration, but actually based on perceived majority of Muslims in East Bengal & Assam (and majority Hindus in West Bengal)
- Reaction: Strong nationalist response due to perceived favoritism towards Muslims, leading to Swadeshi (self-sufficiency) and boycott movement
Swadeshi Movement
- Goal: Protest against the partition of Bengal, boycott of British goods, promotion of Indian goods
- Impact: Influenced establishment of textile mills, banks, and other industries. Involved significant participation of women and students.
- Government Response: Repressive measures including arrests and imprisonment of leaders
Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
- Cause: Partition of Bengal, communal tensions, British encouragement of separate electorates
- Leaders: Prince Aga Khan and Nawab Salimulla Khan of Dacca
- Effect: Emergence of communalism and separate electorates, leading to religious separation for political gain
Surat Split (1907)
- Cause: Ideological differences between moderates and extremists in the Indian National Congress (INC)
- Result: Division of INC into two factions, moderates and extremists
Constitutional Reforms (Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909)
- Goal: Introduce reforms in the legislative councils (more members)
- Effect: Muslims were given separate electorates, creating separate representation for Muslims in the councils (controversial and divisive decision)
Lucknow Pact (1916)
- Effect: Important step toward achieving Hindu-Muslim unity. Congress and Muslim League signed a unified agreement
- Significance: British attitude toward Turkey created tensions, which resulted in cooperation by Hindus and Muslims in the political sphere
- Outcomes: Congress accepted separate electorates, and jointly demanded dominion status leading to a consolidated agreement
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
- Key Feature: Two houses - the Council of State (Upper House) & Legislative Assembly (Lower House)
- Dyarchy: Sharing of power between elected Indian representatives and appointed British officials
- Separate electorates: For various religious and ethnic groups
- Long-Term Significance: Gradual steps toward self-governance, but controversial provisions like separate electorates exacerbated existing religious differences and contributed to political tensions within India.
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Description
This quiz covers keynotes on the Indian National Movement, including factors leading to nationalism, early associations like the Indian National Congress, and the contrasting ideologies of Moderates and Extremists. Test your knowledge on the pivotal events and figures that shaped the struggle for Indian independence.
