Indian Independence Movement

Freedom Fighters and the Ghadar Party

• Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Rash Behari Bose were actively associated with the Ghadar Party

Acts/Bills During British Rule

• The Arms Act of 1878 stated Indians could only carry arms with a government-issued license
• The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 placed a ban on Indian language newspapers and magazines
• The Ilbert Bill of 1883 aimed to allow Indian judges to preside over trials involving British or European individuals

Demands of Indian National Congress Leaders

• The leaders wanted Civil Service Exams held in India and London
• They advocated for greater Indian representation in government and administration
• They wanted the separation of the judiciary from the executive branch

Vande Mataram Movement

• Bipin Chandra Pal was associated with the Vande Mataram Movement

Economic Critics of Colonialism in India

• Dadabhai Naoroji, G. Subramania Iyer, and R. C. Dutt were economic critics of colonialism in India

Surat Session of Indian National Congress of 1907

• The Moderates faction of Congress did not favor extending the Swadeshi movement outside of Bengal
• The Moderates faction of Congress was opposed to the election of Aurobindo Ghosh as the President of the Indian National Congress
• A split occurred in the Congress at the Surat Session of the INC

Factors Contributing to the Rise of Indian Nationalism

• Reactionary policies of Lord Lytton
• The national movement and unification of Italy
• Socio-religious reform movements in India
• Rediscovery of India's past through historical research by Indian and European scholars

India's Struggle Against British Rule After 1919

• British rule gradually became a mass movement after 1919 because of increased taxes
• The emergence of Mahatma Gandhi as a mass leader
• Influence of the Russian Revolution

Political Organizations in the Early Nineteenth Century

• Most associations were set up by educated middle-class leaders
• The political organisations were mostly local or regional in character

Pre-Indian National Congress Political Organizations in India

• The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji to influence public men in England to promote Indian welfare
• The Indian League was founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh to stimulate a sense of nationalism among people

Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893

• Sir William Wedderburn and WS Caine set up the Indian Parliamentary Committee
• The committe was put in place to agitate for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons

Leaders Associated with the Indian National Association

• Surendranath Banerjee
• Sivanath Sastri
• Dwarakanath Ganguly
• Anand Mohan Bose

Political Organization of the 19th Century

• G.V. Joshi, S.H. Sathe, and S.H. Chiplonkar formed a political organization
• Mahadev Govind Ranade infused fresh vigor into the group in 1871
• The organization served as a mediating body between the British government and the people
• It established arbitration courts (Nyaya Sabhas) to settle civil disputes

Indian National Congress

• The first session of the INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay

October 16, 1905, during the Indian Freedom Struggle

• The partition of Bengal came into effect

British Committee of the Indian National Congress

• The main objective of the Committee was to represent the voice of India in Britain
• The Committee published the paper/journal titled 'India: A Journal for the Discussion of Indian Affairs'

Moderates of the Indian National Congress

• The Moderates relied on petitions, meetings, and resolutions to voice their demands
• The Moderates believed that the British rulers wanted to be fair to Indians but were unaware of the actual conditions in India
• The Moderates felt that the time was not yet ripe for a direct challenge to British rule

August Declaration of 1917

• This declaration marked the official statement by the British government committing to the gradual development of institutions of self-governance in India

Reasons for the Growth of Radical Nationalism

• Disillusionment with British rule
• Partition of Bengal by Viceroy Lord Curzon
• Victory of Japan over Russia in 1905
• Spread of ideas of Liberty and Freedom

Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1906

• The session declared that the goal of the INC was 'Swaraj or self-government' for India
• The session marked the adoption of the resolution on National Education

Knighthood returned in protest of atrocities in Punjab in 1919

• Rabindra Nath Tagore

Samitis/Organizations and the Swadeshi Movement

• The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti in Bengal was established by Ashwini Kumar Dutta
• The Swadeshi Sangam in Tamil Nadu was formed under leader V.O. Chidambaram Pillai

Composer of Patriotic Songs during the Swadeshi Movement

• Subramania Bharati composed the "Sudesha Geetham / Swadesa Geethangal"

Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Swadeshi Movement

• The split between the Moderates and Extremists within the Indian National Congress
• The absence of a strong organizational structure or party framework
• Very limited participation of the rural peasant classes in the movement
• The arrest and deportation of key national leaders

"Safety Valve Theory" and the Indian National Movement

• The Congress was formed as a safe outlet to the discontented educated Indians

Author of the Book "Stripurushtulna"

• Tarabai Shinde

Alipore Conspiracy Case

• The case related to an assassination attempt on the Presidency Magistrate in Muzaffarpur
• Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das appeared as one of the defense lawyers in the case

Zimmerman Plan

• A secret plan of Indian revolutionaries in their struggle against British rule during the First World War

Activities of Revolutionaries during the Indian Freedom Struggle

• Barrah dacoity was organised by Pulin Das
• Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge
• Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta started the weekly Yugantar

Organizations Started During The Indian Freedom

• Vasudev Balwant Phadke started the Ramosi Peasant Force.
• Ganesh Damodar Savarkar Started Abhinav Bharat Mandir (Young India Society)

Non-Cooperation Movement in Punjab

• The Non-cooperation began in Punjab with the student movement inspired by Lala Lajpat Rai in January 1921
• The Sikh dominated central Punjab countryside was stirred by the powerful Akali upsurge

Lala Lajpat Rai

• He was an active member of the Arya Samaj
• He started the 'Indian Home Rule League of America'

Lucknow Pact

• Under the Lucknow Pact, the Indian National Congress accepted the demand of separate electorates for the elections to legislatures put forward by the Muslim League

Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Participation in War

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak supported the participation of Indian nationals in Britain's war efforts during World War I
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak believed that Britain would reciprocate India's loyalty

Dadabhai Naoroji and Economic Development

• Dadabhai Naoroji argued that what was being drained out was 'potential surplus' that could generate more economic development in India if invested in India
• Imperialists believed that India was brought into the large capitalist world market and that was in itself a progress

Indian Revolutionaries in Europe

• Virendranath Chattopadhyay established the 'Indian Independence Committee (IIC), also known as the Berlin Committee'
• The goal of the committee was to seek German support for India's freedom struggle
• Shyamji Krishna Varma established 'India House' in London as a centre for revolutionary activities
• Madam Bhikaji Cama unfurled the Indian Flag in Stuttgart, Germany, in I907

Annic Besant and the Indian National Movement

• She wrote for the newspapers New India and Commonweal

Tilak's Indian Home Rule League

• Tilak's league primarily focused on Karnataka and the Central Provinces, with Bombay as its headquarters
• George Arundale served as the organizing secretary of the Tilak's league
• As part of the movement demanded the formation of linguistic states in India

Readmission of Extremists into the Indian National Congress (INC)

• The efforts of Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to mediate between the moderate and extremists

Moderate Faction of the Indian National Congress Leaders

• Dinshaw Edulji Wacha
• Womesh Chandra Bonnerjea
• Romesh Chandra Dutt
• Ananda Mohan Bose

Hunter Committee Appointed After

• The Jalianwalla Bagh massacre

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Facts

• He wrote the biography of Mazzini named 'Mazzini Charitra'
• He authored "The Indian War of Independence 1857" which povides a nationalist view
• He established a revolutionary organisation named 'Mitra Mela'

Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Congress

• Moderates drew their social base mainly from the zamindar and upper middle classes
• Extremists were supported mainly by the educated middle and lower middle class
• Moderates sought gradual constitutional reforms while Extremists demanded Swaraj

Activities of revolutionaries during the Indian freedom struggle:

• "Sandhya" and "Kal" were nationalist newspapers

Britain's Constitutional Experiments in India

• The most short-lived of all of Britain's constitutional experiments in India was the Indian Council Act of 1909

India's freedom struggle, with reference to the Nasik Conspiracy Case of 1909

• Anushilan Samiti was banned by the British authorities

Swarajya Sabha

• The Swarajya Sabha was established by Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru
• It merged with the Indian National Congress (INC) in the early 20th century

Contributions of Moderate Nationalists to the Indian National Movement

• They provided a strong economic critique of British rule
• They demanded constitutional reforms

Newspaper and founder

• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad founded Al Hilal

Overview of key freedom fighters and the Ghadar Party. Acts and bills during British rule are covered. Learn about Indian National Congress leaders, the Vande Mataram Movement, and economic critics of colonialism in India.