Indian Constitutional Amendments
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Questions and Answers

What was the outcome of the 1967 SC ruling?

  • The 24th CAA, 1971 was enacted
  • Parliament can take away any FR under Article 368
  • FR cannot be amended under Article 368 (correct)
  • Basic Structure Doctrine was laid down

    • What was the result of the Keshavananda Bharti case?

  • Parliament can amend FR without any restrictions
  • Preamble is not a part of the Constitution
  • Basic Structure Doctrine was not applicable
  • Basic Structure Doctrine was laid down by SC (correct)

    • What was the outcome of the Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India case?

  • Procedure according to the law is not questioned by the judiciary
  • Due Process of Law doctrine was rejected
  • SC overruled the verdict of AK Gopalan case (correct)
  • SC upheld the verdict of AK Gopalan case

    • What was the outcome of the Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain case?

    <p>SC invalidated the provisions of 39th CAA, 1975</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the Minerva Mills case?

    <p>Few illegal provisions of 42nd CAA, 1976 were invalidated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Preamble?

    <p>It is a part of the Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Constitution and Parliament?

    <p>The Constitution is supreme over Parliament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Keshavananda Bharti case?

    <p>It laid down the Basic Structure Doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key takeaway from the Third Judges Case of 1998?

    <p>CJI should consult a collegium of 4 senior-most judges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Bihar Assembly Dissolution Case (2006)?

    <p>The Governor of a state does not enjoy immunity from Judicial Review.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the IR Coelho Case (2007)?

    <p>The 9th schedule of the Constitution is subjected to Judicial Review only for laws enacted after 1973.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Lily Thomas vs. Union of India case (2013)?

    <p>An MLA/MLC/MP found guilty of a crime will lose their seat after a minimum of 2-year imprisonment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the People's Union of Civil Liberties vs. Union of India case (2013)?

    <p>The introduction of the NOTA option for Indian voters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the Third Judges Case decided?

    <p>1998</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Bihar Assembly Dissolution Case (2006) with respect to the Governor's powers?

    <p>The Governor's actions are subject to Judicial Review.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the IR Coelho Case (2007) on the 9th schedule of the Constitution?

    <p>The 9th schedule is subjected to Judicial Review only for laws enacted after 1973.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year did the Supreme Court rule Section 377 of IPC as unconstitutional?

    <p>2018</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Janhit Abhiyan vs Union of India (EWS Reservation Case)?

    <p>The SC upheld the legality of the 103rd CAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was held by the SC in the Supriyo vs Union of India case?

    <p>The right to marry is a statutory right, not a constitutional right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Association for Democratic Reforms vs Union of India case?

    <p>The SC struck down the Union’s 2018 Electoral Bonds scheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the provision struck down by the SC in the Navtej Singh Johar vs Union of India case?

    <p>Section 377 of IPC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main issue in the Supriyo vs Union of India case?

    <p>Right to marry for non-heterosexual couples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between DPSP and FR?

    <p>DPSP and FR are complementary to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of April 24th, 1973 in the Waman Rao Case?

    <p>It drew a line of demarcation for the retrospective application of the Kesavananda Bharati judgement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the First Judges Case in 1982?

    <p>It held that consultation in Article 124 implies an exchange of views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ruling of the Neeraja Choudhary Case in 1984?

    <p>Bonded labour is a violation of the Right to Life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ruling of the Shah Bano Case in 1985?

    <p>Muslim women have the right to get maintenance from their husbands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases recognized transgender persons as a third gender?

    <p>National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Indira Sawhney Case in 1993?

    <p>It upheld 27% reservation for OBCs in public employment but subject to a cap of 50% reservations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases led to the protection of right to privacy as a fundamental right?

    <p>Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases struck down restrictions on online speech introduced in Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000?

    <p>Shreya Singhal vs Union of India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Creamy Layer concept?

    <p>It refers to the advanced groups within the OBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Kesavananda Bharati judgement?

    <p>It established the concept of Basic Structure doctrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases is related to the protection of transgender persons as a third gender?

    <p>National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases outlawed the backward practice of instant ‘triple talaq’?

    <p>Shayara Bano Case (Triple Talaq Case)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases is related to the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act of 2014?

    <p>Fourth Judges Case (NJAC Case)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases declared the 99th CAA, 2014 as unconstitutional and void?

    <p>Fourth Judges Case (NJAC Case)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cases replaced the collegium system with a new body NJAC?

    <p>Fourth Judges Case (NJAC Case)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Landmark Supreme Court Cases

    • 1967: SC ruled that Fundamental Rights (FR) cannot be amended under Article 368, leading to the 24th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1971, which amended Articles 13 and 368.
    • 1973: Keshavananda Bharati Case established the Basic Structure Doctrine, stating that Parliament can amend FR subject to the basic structure of the Constitution.
    • 1975: Indira Gandhi vs. Raj Narain Case: SC invalidated provisions of the 39th CAA, 1975, which stated that no court has jurisdiction over election disputes of the Prime Minister, ruling that democracy and judicial review are part of basic structure.

    More Landmark Cases

    • 1978: Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India Case: SC overruled the AK Gopalan Case, introducing the Due Process of Law doctrine, and allowing the judiciary to question the reasonableness and validity of laws.
    • 1980: Minerva Mills Case strengthened the Basic Structure Doctrine, invalidating some provisions of the 42nd CAA, 1976, and reinforcing that the Constitution, not Parliament, is supreme.
    • 1981: Waman Rao Case reiterated the Basic Structure Doctrine, drawing a line of demarcation at April 24, 1973, the date of the Keshavananda Bharati judgement.

    More Cases and Rulings

    • 1982: First Judges Case: SC opined that consultation in Article 124 implies an exchange of views, not concurrence.
    • 1984: Neerija Choudhary Case: SC held that bonded labour demeans Right to Life (Article 21) and that the government must enact policies to eliminate bonded labour.
    • 1985: Shah Bano Case: SC ruled that Muslim women have the Right to receive maintenance from their husbands when divorced, despite traditional Muslim laws.

    More Landmark Cases

    • 1993: Indira Sawhney Case: SC upheld 27% reservation for OBCs in public employment, subject to a 50% cap, and introduced the Creamy Layer concept to identify advanced groups within Backward Classes.
    • 1998: Third Judges Case: SC opined that the CJI must consult a collegium of four senior-most judges, and that recommendations made without complying with the consultation process are not binding on the government.

    Recent Cases

    • 2006: Bihar Assembly Dissolution Case: SC held that the Governor of a state does not enjoy immunity from Judicial Review, and Courts can invalidate malafide actions of the Governor.
    • 2007: IR Coelho Case: SC ruled that the 9th Schedule of the Constitution is subject to Judicial Review, but only for laws enacted after April 24, 1973, when the Basic Structure Doctrine was established.

    More Recent Cases

    • 2013: Lily Thomas vs. Union of India Case: SC ruled that any MLA, MLC, or MP found guilty of a crime and given a minimum of 2-year imprisonment would cease to be a member of the House with immediate effect.
    • 2013: People's Union of Civil Liberties vs. Union of India Case (NOTA Case): Introduced the NOTA (None-Of-The-Above) option for Indian voters.
    • 2014: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Case: Recognized transgender persons as a third gender.

    Recent Rulings

    • 2015: Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India Case: Struck down restrictions on online speech introduced in Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
    • 2015: Fourth Judges Case (NJAC Case): Declared the 99th CAA, 2014, and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act of 2014 unconstitutional, reinstating the collegium system.
    • 2017: Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India Case: Right to privacy is protected as a fundamental right under Articles 14, 19, and 21.
    • 2017: Shayara Bano Case (Triple Talaq Case): SC outlawed the practice of instant ‘triple talaq’.

    Recent Rulings (Continued)

    • 2018: Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India Case: SC ruled Section 377 of IPC, which criminalized consensual sexual conduct between adults of the same sex, unconstitutional.
    • 2022: Janhit Abhiyan vs. Union of India (EWS Reservation Case): Upheld the legality of the 103rd CAA, providing reservation in educational institutes and jobs for the economically weaker sections.
    • 2023: Supriyo vs. Union of India Case: The right to marry is a statutory right, not a constitutional right, and only Parliament can recognize marriage between non-heterosexual couples.
    • 2024: Association for Democratic Reforms vs. Union of India Case: Struck down the Union's 2018 Electoral Bonds scheme, citing violation of voters' right to information enshrined in Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.

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    Description

    This quiz is about the Supreme Court judgments and Constitutional Amendments in India. It covers the 1967 judgment, 24th CAA, and the Basic Structure Doctrine.

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