Indian Constitution Preamble and Fundamental Rights

Preamble

• Introduced on November 26, 1949
• Adopted on January 26, 1950
• Enshrines the objectives of the Indian state:
  • Justice, social, economic, and political
  • Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship
  • Equality of status and opportunity
  • Fraternity, dignity of the individual, and unity and integrity of the nation

Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)

• Guaranteed to all citizens of India
• Can be enforced by the Supreme Court
• Include:
  1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
  2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
  3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
  4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
  5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
  6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51)

• Non-justiciable, but fundamental in the governance of the country
• Aim to promote the welfare of the people
• Include:
  1. Social Welfare and Justice
  2. Economic Welfare and Justice
  3. International Peace and Security

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

• Introduced in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment
• Emphasize the role of citizens in the development of the nation
• Include:
  1. Respect for the Constitution, National Flag, and National Anthem
  2. Defending the country and rendering national service
  3. Promoting harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
  4. Preserving the rich heritage of the country's composite culture

Government of India

• Parliamentary System
• Three Tiers:
  1. Union Government (Central Government)
  2. State Governments
  3. Local Self-Government (Panchayats and Municipalities)

Supreme Court

• Highest Court in the country
• Interpreter of the Constitution
• Original Jurisdiction in matters related to the Constitution
• Appellate Jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases

Amendments

• Can be made through a special majority in both Houses of Parliament
• Over 100 amendments have been made to the Constitution since its adoption

Indian Constitution

Introduction

• Introduced on November 26, 1949
• Adopted on January 26, 1950
• Enshrines four key objectives of the Indian state:
  • Justice (social, economic, and political)
  • Liberty (thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship)
  • Equality (status and opportunity)
  • Fraternity (dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation)

Fundamental Rights

Overview

• Guaranteed to all citizens of India
• Can be enforced by the Supreme Court
• Include six categories:

Categories

• Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Directive Principles of State Policy

Overview

• Non-justiciable, but fundamental in the governance of the country
• Aim to promote the welfare of the people
• Include three categories:

Categories

• Social Welfare and Justice
• Economic Welfare and Justice
• International Peace and Security

Fundamental Duties

Overview

• Introduced in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment
• Emphasize the role of citizens in the development of the nation
• Include four duties:

Duties

• Respect for the Constitution, National Flag, and National Anthem
• Defending the country and rendering national service
• Promoting harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
• Preserving the rich heritage of the country's composite culture

Government of India

Overview

• Parliamentary System
• Three Tiers:

Tiers

• Union Government (Central Government)
• State Governments
• Local Self-Government (Panchayats and Municipalities)

Supreme Court

Overview

• Highest Court in the country
• Interpreter of the Constitution
• Two types of jurisdiction:

Jurisdictions

• Original Jurisdiction in matters related to the Constitution
• Appellate Jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases

Amendments

• Can be made through a special majority in both Houses of Parliament
• Over 100 amendments have been made to the Constitution since its adoption

Square Root Exercises

• Find the square root of various fractions: 121/289, 625/64, 289/441, 49/64, 42583/1369, and 25544/729
• Evaluate square roots with decimal values up to three places:
  • √1/7
  • √16/15
  • √3/7
  • √5/12
  • √21/12
  • √2875/8
• Evaluate reciprocals of square roots:
  • 1/√2
  • 1/√3
  • 1/√8
• Solve complex square root expressions:
  • √50625 and its value
  • √0.0441 and its relation to √441
  • √(9 + 1 / (1 + 1 / (7 + 1/6)))

This quiz covers the objectives of the Indian state and the fundamental rights guaranteed to all citizens of India, as enshrined in the Constitution. Test your knowledge of the key principles and rights outlined in the Preamble and Articles 12-35.