India: Geography

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is the approximate east-west stretch of India?

  • 3,000 kilometers (correct)
  • 5,000 kilometers
  • 10,000 kilometers
  • 1,000 kilometers

Which of the following is the southernmost tip of India?

  • Kanyakumari
  • Lakshadweep Island
  • Indira Point (correct)
  • Pondicherry

India lies entirely in which hemispheres?

  • Southern and Eastern
  • Northern and Western
  • Southern and Western
  • Northern and Eastern (correct)

What landmass was the Indian subcontinent a part of before breaking away?

<p>Gondwanaland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which line of latitude divides India into almost two equal parts?

<p>Tropic of Cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country does not share a border with India along its northeastern side?

<p>Myanmar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mountain range is located to the north of the Himalayas?

<p>Karakoram Range (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average height of Greater Himalayas?

<p>6,000 meters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'Himalaya' in Sanskrit?

<p>Abode of Snow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rivers does not contribute to the formation of the Northern Plains?

<p>Narmada (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which range is known as the Outer Himalayas?

<p>Sivaliks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the Northern Plains?

<p>2,400 kilometers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the valleys lying between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas?

<p>Duns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Brahmaputra River called in Tibet?

<p>Tsangpo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ganga Plain extends between which two rivers?

<p>Ghaggar and Teesta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the black soil area in the Deccan Plateau known as?

<p>Deccan Trap Region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hills connect the Western and Eastern Ghats?

<p>Nilgiri Hills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which desert lies to the north-west of the Aravalli Hills?

<p>Thar Desert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rivers does NOT form a delta on the eastern coast?

<p>Narmada (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the largest among the Lakshadweep Islands?

<p>Minicoy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the temperature difference between Kerala and Kashmir?

<p>Kerala's proximity to the Equator results in a tropical climate, while Kashmir's higher latitude leads to a subtropical climate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does Kashmir experience a greater difference in the duration of day and night compared to Kanyakumari?

<p>Kashmir is further from the Equator, leading to a greater variation in daylight hours throughout the year. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a traveler moves from west to east across India, what would they notice about the timing of sunrise?

<p>Sunrise occurs earlier in the the eastern end because of India's longitudinal extent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 82°30'E longitude in determining India's Standard Time?

<p>It is chosen as the Standard Meridian to minimize time differences across the country and passes through Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes the latitudinal position of mainland India?

<p>Between 8°4'N and 37°6'N (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for the economic and social significance of the Northern Plains?

<p>The flat surface, slow-moving perennial rivers, and favorable climate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological feature primarily divides the Deccan Plateau from the Chhota Nagpur Plateau?

<p>A geological fault resulting from tectonic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nature of the Eastern Ghats differ from that of the Western Ghats?

<p>The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and have a lower elevation, while the Western Ghats are continuous and have a higher elevation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for classifying the eastern coastal plain as an 'emergent' coastal plain?

<p>It is formed due to the tectonic uplift of the land, causing it to rise relative to the sea level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'Ten Degree Channel' in the context of Indian geography?

<p>It separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the rivers in the western coast?

<p>They do not form deltas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were traveling eastward across the Central Highlands, which of the following hill ranges would you encounter as its eastern extension?

<p>The Rajmahal Hills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the formation of the Northern Plains?

<p>They are formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the width of the Himalayan mountain range change from west to east?

<p>It gradually decreases from about 400 kilometers in the west to 150 kilometers in the east. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options accurately describes the location of the Purvanchal Range?

<p>It lies along the border of India and Myanmar in the east. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'Duns' in the context of the Himalayan ranges?

<p>They refer to the valleys lying between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Greater Himalayas (Himadri)?

<p>It contains the northernmost ranges and peaks, including Mt. Everest and Kanchenjunga. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Himalayas influence the monsoon patterns in India?

<p>They help in directing the monsoon winds, causing rainfall in the Indian subcontinent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Terai region?

<p>A densely forested and marshy region located at the foothills of the Sivaliks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the Himalayas, what other significant mountain range is located to the north of India, extending across parts of Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan?

<p>The Karakoram Range (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the geographical context of the Himalayan ranges, which of the following factors would most significantly influence the local climate and biodiversity of a specific region within the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal)?

<p>The alignment and altitude of the Pir Panjal and Dhaula Dhar ranges, influencing orographic precipitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the disappearance of the Himalayan range most likely affect the monsoon season in India?

<p>Monsoon winds would be diverted, leading to a substantial decrease in rainfall across the Indian subcontinent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the geological composition and formation processes of the Northern Plains, which resource extraction activity would LEAST likely have a detrimental long-term effect on the region's ecological balance?

<p>Sustainable harvesting of economically valuable plant species, promoting biodiversity and ecosystem health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the geological history of the Indian subcontinent, what was the primary force driving its separation from Gondwanaland and subsequent collision with the Eurasian plate?

<p>Convection currents in the Earth's mantle exerting force on the Indo-Australian Plate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that India's Standard Meridian is 82°30'E and passes through Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, what specific criteria were likely prioritized when selecting this longitude as the national standard, considering India's vast longitudinal extent?

<p>It minimizes the maximum time difference between the actual local time and the standard time across the country, balancing convenience and accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the geographical positioning of India's neighboring countries, which of the following scenarios would have the MOST significant impact on India's geopolitical strategy and border security?

<p>Increased Chinese infrastructure development along the border shared with India, from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a significant increase in tectonic activity in the Himalayan region MOST likely affect the flow and characteristics of the rivers originating there?

<p>Glacial melt would accelerate, initially increasing river discharge but eventually leading to reduced flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the latitudinal extent of India influence regional climate patterns, considering the interaction between the Tropic of Cancer and the country's diverse topography?

<p>The latitudinal extent results in distinct thermal zones, affecting seasonal wind patterns and precipitation distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the location of Kanyakumari and Kashmir relative to the Equator, which of the following factors MOST contributes to the significant difference in day and night duration between these two regions?

<p>The tilt of the Earth's axis, which results in more pronounced seasonal changes in day length at locations farther from the Equator. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher aims to study the impact of India's latitudinal and longitudinal extent on regional biodiversity, which approach would provide the MOST comprehensive understanding?

<p>Comparing species distribution patterns in Kerala and Kashmir to identify latitudinal gradients of biodiversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India was once part of a large landmass called Gondwanaland.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India is currently the fifth largest country in the world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tropic of Capricorn divides India into two equal parts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longitudinal extent causes a time lag of approximately four hours between the eastern and western ends of India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India shares its boundaries with Myanmar and Bangladesh in the north-west.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nepal is not a north-eastern neighbor of India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chinese border only passes along the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bangladesh is located to the west of India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar separate Sri Lanka from India.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India has 29 states and 7 union territories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas are the shortest mountain range in the world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sivaliks are the innermost range of the Himalayas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Northern Plains are located north of the Himalayas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Brahmaputra River is known as the Tsangpo in Bhutan.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers merge in Bangladesh to form the world's largest delta.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Peninsular Plateau is the newest geological formation in India.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Central Highlands are bounded by the Aravallis in the east.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Deccan Trap region is known for its fertile black soil, ideal for cotton cultivation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Eastern Ghats are continuous and can only be crossed through passes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lakshadweep Islands are formed by volcanic activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's longitudinal extent primarily influences the variations in climate experienced across the country.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Standard Meridian of India, which determines the country's standard time, passes through Bengaluru.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to its proximity to the Equator, Kanyakumari experiences significantly more variation in day and night duration compared to Kashmir.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India lies entirely in the Southern and Western Hemisphere.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India rifted from Gondwanaland approximately 50 million years ago, leading to the formation of the Himalayas through a collision with the Eurasian plate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas' width consistently increases from west to east, reaching approximately 550 kilometers in Arunachal Pradesh.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Duns,' such as Dehradun, are valleys located between the Himadri and Himachal ranges.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average elevation of the Himachal range, also known as the Lesser Himalayas, is approximately 7,000 meters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Purvanchal Range, situated along the India-Myanmar border, is characterized by elevations generally exceeding 5,000 meters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain is primarily formed by the alluvial deposits of the Indus River and its tributaries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Karakoram range, located exclusively within India, boasts numerous peaks surpassing 9,000 meters in height.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sivalik Range, the innermost range of the Himalayas, is renowned for its continuous and unbroken mountain chains.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Northern Plains, known for their fertile alluvial soil, are sparsely populated due to the arid climate and limited water resources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Brahmaputra River, known as the Tsangpo in Tibet, initially flows eastward before sharply turning southward and then predominantly westward as it courses through Assam.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Deccan Plateau is directly adjacent to the Chota Nagpur Plateau, separated only by a narrow geological fault line.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Ghats, a continuous mountain range parallel to India's western coast, can only be traversed at specific points such as the Dave Ghat, Bhor Ghat and Pal Ghat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Eastern Coastal Plain is characterized by a landscape featuring fewer ports and harbors because it is an emergent coastal plain; this contrasts with the Western Coastal Plain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The northern plains of India owe much of their agricultural richness to their flat terrain, the consistent flow of water from perennial rivers, and conducive climatic conditions, bolstering the area's economic and infrastructural development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While the Thar Desert is known for its arid climate and minimal rainfall, the Sambhar Lake distinguishes itself as the region's only significant saltwater lake, sustained by consistent riverine inputs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Andaman Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands, despite being geographically distant and differing in formation, both consist primarily of coral-based structures and feature similar biodiversity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas' width remains consistently at 400 kilometers throughout its entire stretch from west to east.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Alps are young fold mountains primarily composed of metamorphic rocks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's longitudinal extent results in an approximate time difference of five hours between its easternmost and westernmost points.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Standard Meridian of India, which determines India's standard time, runs exactly along 83°0' East longitude.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average height of the Greater Himalayas is 8,000 meters and its peaks are only seasonally covered with snow.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The valleys lying between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas are called 'Terai'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Due to its proximity to the Equator, Kashmir experiences a minimal difference of approximately 1 hour in the duration of day and night.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to its collision with the Tibetan landmass, the Indian subcontinent was a part of the ancient supercontinent known as Pangea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas prevent cold winds from Siberia from entering India, influencing the climate in the north of Australia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The southernmost tip of India, known as Indira Point, is situated at 6°45'S latitude.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

India was once part of an ancient landmass called ______.

<p>Gondwanaland</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ divides India into almost two equal parts.

<p>Tropic of Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

India is located entirely in the Northern and Eastern ______.

<p>Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

The southernmost tip of India is ______ in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

<p>Indira Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's standard time is based on the longitude 82°30' East, which passes through ______ in Uttar Pradesh.

<p>Prayagraj</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Brahmaputra River is known as the ______ in Tibet.

<p>Tsangpo</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ganga Plain extends between the Ghaggar and ______ rivers.

<p>Teesta</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Peninsular Plateau is a part of an ancient landmass called ______.

<p>Gondwanaland</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Central Highlands are bounded by the Aravallis in the ______.

<p>west</p> Signup and view all the answers

The black soil area in the Deccan Plateau is known as the ______ Region.

<p>Deccan Trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Ghats are also known as ______.

<p>Sahyadri</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Indian Desert is also known as the ______ Desert.

<p>Thar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas are also known as the '______' of snow.

<p>abode</p> Signup and view all the answers

The northern plains are formed by the alluvial deposits brought by the rivers Indus, Ganga, and ______.

<p>Brahmaputra</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Purvanchal Range is located along the border of India and ______ in the east.

<p>Myanmar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sivaliks is the ______ range of the Himalayas.

<p>outermost</p> Signup and view all the answers

The valleys lying between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas are called '______'.

<p>Duns</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Greater Himalayas are also known as ______.

<p>Himadri</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mt. Everest is located in ______.

<p>Nepal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Northern Plains are located south of the Himalayas and north of the ______ Plateau.

<p>Peninsular</p> Signup and view all the answers

India was once part of an ancient landmass called ______, before its continental drift.

<p>Gondwanaland</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of Cancer divides India into approximately two equal parts, influencing its climate zones.

<p>Tropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The time difference of two hours between the eastern and western ends of India is due to its ______ stretch.

<p>longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's standard time is based on the longitude that passes through Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, which is ______ degrees East.

<p>82°30'</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variations in the duration of day and night are minimal in Kanyakumari but maximal in Kashmir due to their respective distances from the ______.

<p>Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

The eastern extension of the Central Highlands consists of the ______ hills.

<p>Rajmahal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Plateau is separated from the Chhota Nagpur Plateau by a geological fault and is known for its black soil.

<p>Deccan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Ghats, also known as ______, are continuous mountain ranges that run parallel to the western coast of India.

<p>Sahyadri</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ connect the Western and Eastern Ghats in the southern part of India.

<p>Nilgiri Hills</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Northern Plains are also referred to as the ______ Plains, due to the significant river system that flows through it.

<p>Gangetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the only large river that flows through the Great Indian Desert.

<p>Luni</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Brahmaputra River, known as ______ in Tibet, significantly contributes to forming the world's largest delta as it meets the Ganga.

<p>Tsangpo</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas are young ______ mountains primarily composed of sedimentary rocks, formed by the collision of tectonic plates.

<p>fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Strait and the Gulf of Mannar create a narrow channel that separates Sri Lanka from India.

<p>Palk</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Islands are coral-formed and located in the Arabian Sea, near the Malabar Coast of Kerala.

<p>Lakshadweep</p> Signup and view all the answers

The valleys lying between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas are called '______,' exemplified by locations such as Dehradun.

<p>Duns</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Northern Mountains protect India from cold north-eastern trade winds originating from ______, influencing India's climate.

<p>Tibet</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Western Plain is formed by the Indus and its five tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and ______.

<p>Sutlej</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas are known as the '______ of snow' in Sanskrit, reflective of their perennial snow cover.

<p>abode</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ range, located along the India-Myanmar border, includes the Patkai Bum, Naga Hills, and Lushai Hills.

<p>Purvanchal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chinese border extends from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh, passing through Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and ______.

<p>Sikkim</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of ______.

<p>Mannar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Himalayas are also known as young ______ mountains, consisting mainly of sedimentary rocks.

<p>fold</p> Signup and view all the answers

The valleys between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas are known as '______' such as Dehradun, Kotlidun and Patlidun.

<p>Duns</p> Signup and view all the answers

The convergence of the Indian subcontinent with the Tibetan landmass approximately 50 million years ago resulted in the formation of the ______, showcasing the dynamic geological processes shaping the region.

<p>Himalayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

The latitudinal extent of India significantly influences the country's climate, with the southern part experiencing warm, tropical conditions due to its proximity to the ______ and the northern part exhibiting more extreme temperature variations.

<p>Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ meridian of India, passing through Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, serves as the reference point for determining the country's standard time, helping to synchronize activities across its vast longitudinal expanse.

<p>Standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before its collision with the Tibetan landmass, the Indian subcontinent was a part of the ancient supercontinent called ______, reflecting its deep-rooted geological history and the subsequent drift that shaped its current position.

<p>Gondwanaland</p> Signup and view all the answers

The significant difference in the duration of days and nights between Kanyakumari and Kashmir is primarily attributed to their varying distances from the ______; Kanyakumari experiences nearly equal day and night durations, whereas Kashmir witnesses a substantial difference, particularly during specific times of the year.

<p>Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the southernmost tip of India called?

<p>Indira Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which old landmass was the Indian subcontinent a part of?

<p>Gondwanaland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what is the longitudinal extent of India?

<p>Approximately 3,000 kilometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

India is located in which two hemispheres?

<p>Northern and Eastern Hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries share boundaries with India towards the north-west?

<p>Afghanistan and Pakistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries are considered India's north-eastern neighbors?

<p>China, Bhutan and Nepal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the narrow channel that separates Sri Lanka from India.

<p>Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the young fold mountains bounding India on the northern and north-eastern side called?

<p>Himalayas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many states and union territories does India have?

<p>28 states and 8 union territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three parallel ranges in the Himalayas.

<p>Himadri, Himachal and Sivalik</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the Northern Plains?

<p>Gangetic Plains</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two of the major rivers that form the Northern Plains.

<p>Ganga and Brahmaputra</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Brahmaputra River originate?

<p>Tibet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Great Indian Desert also known as?

<p>Thar Desert</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two rivers form the world's largest delta?

<p>Brahmaputra and Ganga</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main divisions of the Peninsular Plateau?

<p>Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the mountain range that lies parallel to the western coast of India?

<p>Western Ghats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of active volcano in the Andaman Islands?

<p>Barren Volcano</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how India's latitudinal extent influences its climate and the duration of day and night.

<p>The southern part of India, near the Equator, experiences tropical climate, while the northern part has a subtropical climate with distinct seasons. Also, locations further from the Equator, like Kashmir, experience greater differences in day and night duration compared to places like Kanyakumari which is closer to the Equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe India's location in terms of hemispheres and its latitudinal and longitudinal extent.

<p>India is located entirely in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres. Its mainland extends between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N, and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25′E.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the longitudinal stretch of India impact the local time across the country?

<p>The longitudinal stretch of India causes a time lag of two hours between the eastern and western ends. To mitigate this, the time along longitude 82°30' East is taken as the Indian Standard Time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the major geological events that led to the formation of the Indian subcontinent as it exists today.

<p>The Indian subcontinent was originally part of Gondwanaland, later breaking away around 50 million years ago. It then collided with the Tibetan landmass, resulting in the formation of the Himalayas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries share land boundaries with India towards its northwest?

<p>Afghanistan and Pakistan share land boundaries with India towards the north-west.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the geographical features of the Northern Plains contribute to its agricultural importance?

<p>The fertile soil, assured water resources from perennial rivers, and favorable climate all support intensive agriculture, making the plains the 'granaries of India'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the river systems of the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains in terms of delta formation. Why do they differ?

<p>The rivers of Eastern Coastal Plains form well-developed deltas due to the gentle slope and emergent coastline. The rivers of the Western Coastal Plains do not form deltas because they are shorter and flow swiftly due to the steeper gradient, with a submerged coastline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the Deccan Trap region's soil composition for agriculture.

<p>The Deccan Trap region has black soil formed from volcanic eruptions. This soil is highly fertile and particularly suitable for cotton and sugarcane cultivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the location of the Lakshadweep Islands influence their formation and biodiversity?

<p>Located in the Arabian Sea near the Malabar Coast, the Lakshadweep Islands are coral islands. Their formation from coral polyps supports a rich variety of marine flora and fauna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the economic and social implications of the extensive road and railway network in the Northern Plains?

<p>The good network of roads and railways has led to large scale industrialisation. This improves trade, transport, and connectivity, greatly helping the nation's economy and social development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do the Western Ghats influence the climate and hydrology of the Peninsular Plateau?

<p>The Western Ghats act as a barrier to rain-bearing winds, causing orographic rainfall on their western slopes. They also serve as the source for many rivers, influencing the region's water availability and climate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the Brahmaputra River's journey from Tibet to Bangladesh affects the geography and ecology of the regions it traverses.

<p>Originating as the Tsangpo in Tibet, it flows east then south into India (Assam) creating the Brahmaputra Plain, then meets the Ganga in Bangladesh to form the world's largest delta. This journey influences regional geography, agriculture, and biodiversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Himalayas influence the monsoon patterns in India, and what is the geographical reason behind this?

<p>The Himalayas block the monsoon winds, causing them to shed their moisture over the Indian subcontinent as they cannot proceed further north. The mountains act as a barrier, forcing the winds to rise and cause precipitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the varying widths of the Himalayan range, being wider in the west and narrower in the east, impact the region's accessibility and biodiversity.

<p>The wider western Himalayas are generally more challenging to traverse. The narrower eastern Himalayas have dense forests and unique biodiversity due to higher rainfall and different altitudes with shorter distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the formation of 'Duns' and state their significance in terms of land use and human settlement.

<p>'Duns' are formed between the Sivaliks and Lesser Himalayas, by the accumulation of sediment deposited by rivers. They provide relatively flat land suitable for agriculture and settlements in the mountainous region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the geographical locations of the Greater Himalayas (Himadri) and the Sivaliks contribute differently to the ecological balance and water resources of the Northern Plains?

<p>The Himadri, with its snow-covered peaks, feeds perennial rivers that flow into the Northern Plains. The Sivaliks trap rainwater, contributing to groundwater recharge and preventing soil erosion in the plains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the formation processes of the Western Plains and the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain, highlighting the contributions of different river systems.

<p>The Western Plain is formed by the Indus River and its tributaries, while the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain is formed by the deposition of sediments from the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. They are distinct river systems with different sources and courses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does the Purvanchal Range differ from the main Himalayan ranges in terms of altitude, local names, and their impact on regional connectivity?

<p>The Purvanchal Range has a lower average altitude compared to the main Himalayas. It has different local names (Patkai Bum, Naga Hills, etc.) and being located along the eastern border, it presents connectivity challenges due to rugged terrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agricultural and economic activities are primarily supported by the Northern Plains

<p>The Northern Plains, with their fertile alluvial soil, primarily support intensive agriculture, including the cultivation of wheat, rice, and sugarcane. This contributes significantly to the region's economy and food production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Karakoram range's location relative to the Himalayas influence the distribution of glacial ice and the flow of rivers in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent?

<p>The Karakoram range, lying north of the Himalayas, contributes to glacial ice accumulation due to its high altitude and latitude. Its glaciers feed rivers such as the Indus, influencing water availability in the northern regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Himalayas influence India's climate and, consequently, its agricultural practices.

<p>The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold northern winds and direct monsoon winds, leading to a warmer climate and rainfall. This makes the Northern Plains fertile due to alluvial deposits and suitable for crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Critically evaluate the statement: 'The Purvanchal Range is merely an eastern extension of the Himalayan range with little regional significance'.

<p>The statement is an oversimplification. While part of the Himalayan system, the Purvanchal Range has distinct local names (Patkai Bum, Naga Hills, etc.) and unique geographical features that significantly influence regional biodiversity, cultural identities, and connectivity between India and Myanmar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the potential impact on the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain if deforestation in the Himalayan foothills continues unchecked.

<p>Increased soil erosion and sediment runoff would exacerbate flooding, reduce the fertility of the alluvial deposits, and disrupt the river systems. This could lead to significant agricultural losses and ecological damage, impacting the densely populated regions dependent on these plains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the economic significance of the Greater Himalayas (Himadri) and the Lesser Himalayas (Himachal) for India.

<p>The Greater Himalayas offer limited direct economic benefits other than tourism related to high-altitude mountaineering and serve as a source for rivers. The Lesser Himalayas, with accessible hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie, are more significant for tourism and related industries, agriculture, and horticulture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

India's Standard Meridian passes through 82°30'E. What are the implications of selecting this particular longitude as the standard time and how does it affect daily life across the country?

<p>It provides a uniform time across the country, avoiding confusion due to the two-hour time lag between the eastern and westernmost points. It synchronizes schedules for transportation, communication, and business activities nationwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Gondwanaland and explain how the Indian subcontinent's separation and collision with the Eurasian plate shaped the present-day geological structure of India.

<p>Gondwanaland was an ancient supercontinent of which the Indian subcontinent was a part. The Indian subcontinent's separation from Gondwanaland, and subsequent collision led to the formation of the Himalayas. The collision created intense folding and uplift, resulting in the towering mountain range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might geopolitical tensions in the Karakoram region impact India's access to resources and trade routes?

<p>Geopolitical tensions in the Karakoram region, particularly involving India, Pakistan, and China, can disrupt trade routes and limit access to vital resources. This instability can hinder economic development, increase security concerns, and affect international relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the strategic importance of Indira Point's location at 6°45'N latitude. What are the implications of this southernmost point for India's maritime boundaries and strategic interests in the Indian Ocean?

<p>Indira Point serves as a crucial marker for India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and territorial waters, extending India's maritime boundaries further south into the Indian Ocean. This location enhances India's strategic reach, surveillance capabilities, and resource control in the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the latitudinal extent of Kashmir results in a significant difference in day and night duration compared to Kanyakumari.

<p>Kashmir’s high latitude means that during the Earth’s orbit, it experiences more significant variations in the angle at which sunlight strikes the surface. In summer, it receives more extended daylight hours, while in winter, it experiences shorter days and longer nights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gondwanaland

Ancient supercontinent that included India.

India's Hemispheres

Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.

Southernmost Tip of India

6°45'N latitude.

Standard Meridian of India

82°30' East.

Signup and view all the flashcards

North-west Boundaries of India

Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brahmaputra River

The river known as Tsangpo in Tibet, flowing eastward before turning south and west through Assam.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ganga Plain

Fertile land between the Ghaggar and Teesta rivers, crucial for Indian agriculture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peninsular Plateau

Oldest, largest hard rock formation in India, shaped like a triangle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Highlands

Northern part of the Peninsular Plateau between the Narmada River and Northern Plains.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deccan Trap

Black soil region of the Deccan Plateau, fertile due to volcanic activity, good for cotton and sugarcane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Ghats

Mountain range parallel to India's western coast, also known as Sahyadri. Anamudi is the highest peak.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Great Indian Desert

Also known as the Thar Desert, north-west of the Aravalli Hills, characterized by low rainfall and inland drainage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's North-Eastern Neighbors

Countries bordering India to the north-east: China, Bhutan, and Nepal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayas

The highest mountain range in the world, known as the 'abode of snow'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Greater Himalayas (Himadri)

The northernmost range of the Himalayas, with an average height of 6,000 meters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayan passes

Mountain passes across the Himalayas such as Rohtang, Bara-lacha La, Shipki La and Zoji La pass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lesser Himalayas (Himachal)

The range south of the Greater Himalayas, containing popular hill stations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Outer Himalayas (Sivaliks)

Outermost range of the Himalayas, altitude varies between 900 and 1,100 metres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duns

Valleys between the Sivaliks and Lesser Himalayas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern Plains

Also called Gangetic Plains, located south of Himalayas and formed by alluvial deposits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

3,000 Kilometers

Approximation of kilometers of both the East-West and North-South extents of India

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tropic of Cancer

Latitude that divides India into two climatic zones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Day & Night Duration

The latitudinal stretch influences this.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Standard Meridian

Determines India's time; passes through Prayagraj.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rajmahal Hills

Eastern extension of Central Highlands, characterized by hills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brahmaputra Plain

A plain formed by the Brahmaputra River.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern Plains Importance

India's agricultural heartland due to fertile soil and water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Highlands location

Divides the Peninsular Plateau into two main parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nilgiri Hills

Connects Western and Eastern Ghats in the south.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coastal Plains

Plains parallel to Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Barren Volcano

An active volcano found in the Andaman Islands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Palk Strait & Gulf of Mannar

A narrow waterway that separates Sri Lanka from India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Terai Region

A marshy, densely forested region located at the foothills of the Sivaliks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purvanchal Range

Mountain range along India-Myanmar border, with different names based on location.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Karakoram Range

Mountain range north of the Himalayas, bordering India, Pakistan, and China.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Plain

Plain formed by the Indus River and its tributaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Doabs

Fertile area in Punjab formed by rivers; land between two rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain

Plain formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of Himalayas

A range of mountains that act as a storehouse of resources

Signup and view all the flashcards

India & Gondwanaland

India was once part of this ancient supercontinent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayan Formation

Approximate time when the Indian subcontinent collided with the Tibetan landmass, forming the Himalayas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Indira Point Latitude

The latitude of the southernmost point of India, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latitude of Tropic of Cancer

Approximate latitudinal extent that divides India into nearly two equal parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's NW Neighbors

The countries that share land borders with India to the north-west.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's political divisions

India has 28 states and 8 union territories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Physiographic Divisions

Six physical divisions: Northern Mountains, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Great Indian Desert, Coastal Plains, Islands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formation of Northern Plains

Alluvial deposits from Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers creating a fertile plain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tributaries of the Indus

Indus tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's World Rank (Area)

India is the seventh largest country in the world by land area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's East-West Time Lag

A two-hour difference exists, caused by its longitudinal extent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Climatic Zones

The southern half experiences tropical conditions, while the northern half is subtropical/temperate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latitude & Day/Night Duration

Regions far from the Equator have more contrasting day and night durations throughout the year.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Break From Gondwanaland

About 50 million years ago.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himadri Height

The average height of the Greater Himalayas (Himadri) is 6,000 meters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayan Mountains

Young fold mountains consisting of sedimentary rocks, stretching ~2,500 km.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himachal Location

Located south of the Greater Himalayas, altitude between 1,000 and 4,500 metres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sivaliks Altitude

Outermost Himalayan range with an altitude between 900 and 1,100 metres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern Plains Rivers

Also called the Gangetic Plains, formed by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purvanchal Local Names

Located along the India-Myanmar border – Patkai Bum, Naga, Lushai, Mizo, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayan Benefits

Protects India from cold winds, directs monsoons, biodiversity, tourism, and rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern Plains Density

The most densely populated area of the country; fertile due to alluvial sediment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brahmaputra in Bangladesh

River that meets the Ganga in Bangladesh, forming the world's largest delta.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peninsular Plateau Shape

Triangular tableland formed from ancient Gondwanaland.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Geological Fault

Separates the Deccan Plateau from the Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Ghats Location

Mountain range parallel to the western coast of India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thar Desert Rainfall

Region with less than 150mm rainfall annually, northwest of Aravalli Hills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Coastal Plain's Sections

Divisions of western part include Kutch, Konkan, Goan and Malabar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Latitudinal Extent

Latitude range of mainland India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Longitudinal Extent

Longitude range of mainland India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tropic of Cancer's Impact

Divides India into tropical and subtropical zones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's East-West Time Difference

Time difference between India's east and west.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latitude's Effect on Day Length

Influences variations in day and night durations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India-Sri Lanka Strait

Narrow water body separating Sri Lanka and India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayan Ranges

Three parallel ranges of the Himalayas from north to south.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himadri Meaning

Another name for the Greater Himalayas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gangetic Plains

Plains formed by Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alluvial Deposits

Northern Plains fertility source.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Punjab-Haryana Flow

Indus tributaries flow through this region.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ganga Tributaries

Important tributaries of the Ganga.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brahmaputra River's Course

Also known as Tsangpo in Tibet, it flows east then south, joining the Ganga as the Padma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Highland Boundaries

Divides the Peninsular Plateau; flanked by Aravallis and Satpura range.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Deccan Trap Region

Region in the Deccan Plateau known for fertile soil from volcanic activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Ghats Passes

Thal Ghat, Bhor Ghat, and Pal Ghat provide passage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eastern Ghats Features

Discontinuous mountain range, drained by Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thar Desert Features

Characterized by little rain, dry climate, seasonal streams, and the Sambhar Lake.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Coastal Plain Divisions

Kutch, Kathiawar, Konkan, Goan and Malabar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gondwanaland Origin

Ancient landmass that once included India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Hemispheric Location

Lies entirely in these hemispheres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's NW Boundaries

These countries border India to the north-west.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Northern Mountains

Northern mountains consisting of the Himalayas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Plain Formation

Plain formed by the Indus and its tributaries.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purvanchal Range Location

The easternmost extent of the Himalayan range along the border of India and Myanmar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern Plains Characteristics

The most densely populated area of India, formed by alluvial deposits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Karakoram Range Location

Mountains north of the Himalayas, bordering India, Pakistan, and China.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Gondwanaland?

Former massive continent; India was a piece.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Northern & Eastern?

India is in these two hemispheres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Indira Point?

Point at 6°45'N in Andaman & Nicobar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is 82°30' East?

Longitude determining India's time zone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Who are Afghanistan & Pakistan?

Countries to India's Northwest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayas Extent

The range starts from the Pamir Knot in the west and extends up to Purvanchal in the east, covering about ~2,500 km.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayan Geology

The Himalayas are young fold mountains consisting of sedimentary rocks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Greater Himalayas Features

Continuous range containing peaks over 8,000m, perennially covered in snow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himachal Features

Popular hill stations like Shimla and Manali are located here.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duns definition

Valleys between Sivaliks and Lesser Himalayas (Himachal).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himalayas Importance

Protects from cold winds, influences monsoons, biodiversity, tourism, river source.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta

World's largest delta formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chhota Nagpur Plateau

Plateau region rich in mineral resources and tribal populations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thar Desert Climate

Sandy and arid region west of the Aravalli Hills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Coastal Plain

Coastal strip extending from Gujarat to Kerala.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lakshadweep Islands

A group of coral islands in the Arabian Sea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the Northern & Eastern Hemispheres?

India lies entirely in these two parts of the world.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is 6°45'N?

The latitude of India's southernmost point in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formation of Himalayas

Young fold mountains formed by the collision of the Indian and Tibetan plates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tropic of Cancer Location

Latitude that divides India into approximate equal parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latitude's Day/Night effect

Influences variations in day and night duration across India

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tropical climate zone (India)

A warm climate with no distinct winter. The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Palk Strait location

Narrow channel separating Sri Lanka from India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern Plains Location

Plains south of Himalayas, formed by Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eastern Neighbors

India's neighbors to the east.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Extent

Approximately measures 3,000 kilometers in both directions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latitude's Effect

Causes variations in day and night durations based on the distance a region is from the Equator

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himadri Location

The northernmost range of the Himalayas, with an average height of 6,000 meters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himachal Characteristics

The range south of the Greater Himalayas, containing popular hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sivaliks Location

Outermost Himalayan range with an altitude between 900 and 1,100 metres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Purvanchal Breakdown

Located along the India-Myanmar border--Patkai Bum, Naga, Lushai, Mizo, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ganga Plain Boundaries

Rich agricultural region between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Narmada River

Divides the Peninsular Plateau into Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Importance of Western Ghats

Mountain range parallel to the western coast; source of many rivers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thar Desert Characteristics

Low rainfall region with inland drainage and salt lakes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Islands in Bay of Bengal, include Ritchie's Archipelago and Labyrinth Islands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Northern and Eastern

The two hemispheres where India is entirely located.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himadri Range

The northernmost range of Himalayas, known for highest peaks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Himachal Range

Range south of Himadri containing popular hill stations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sivalik Range

The outermost range of the Himalayas, altitude varies, width varies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Duns Valleys

The valleys that lie between the Sivaliks and the Lesser Himalayas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brahmaputra's Course

River originating in Tibet (as Tsangpo), flowing east before turning south through Assam.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Padma River

The point where the Brahmaputra and Ganga meet in Bangladesh, forming the world's largest delta.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Western Ghats chain

Continuous range along India's west coast.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Thar Desert dry

Area with low rainfall, west of the Aravalli Hills.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coastal Plains Location

Plains parallel to the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Continental Drift

Approximate time when the Indian subcontinent detached from a larger landmass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Latitudinal Span

Latitude range of mainland India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

India's Longitudinal Span

Longitude range of mainland India.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latitude & Day Length

Effect of latitude on length of daytime.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sivaliks

The outermost range of the Himalayas, with altitudes between 900 and 1,100 metres.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • India's geological history is unique because it originated as part of Gondwanaland.
  • About 50 million years ago, the Indian Subcontinent separated from Gondwanaland and collided with the Tibetan landmass, forming the Himalayas.
  • India is currently the seventh largest country in the world.

Location and Extent of India

  • India is located entirely in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.
  • Mainland India extends from 8°4'N to 37°6'N latitude and from 68°7'E to 97°25′E longitude.
  • Indira Point, the southernmost tip of India, is located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands at 6°45'N latitude.
  • The Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) divides the country into two nearly equal parts.
  • India's east-west and north-south stretches both measure approximately 3,000 kilometers.
  • The longitudinal extent causes a two-hour time lag between the eastern and western ends of the country.
  • 82°30' East longitude is India's Standard Meridian.
  • The Standard Meridian passes through Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh.
  • The latitudinal stretch impacts the length of days and nights.

Implications of Latitudinal Extensions

  • India's southern half is in the tropical zone, characterized by a warm climate and indistinct winters.
  • The northern half is within the subtropical zone, exhibiting a more extreme climate.
  • Temperature decreases as latitude increases.
  • Day and night duration varies significantly from north to south.
  • Kanyakumari, near the Equator, experiences nearly equal day and night duration.
  • Kashmir experiences a significant difference (almost 5 hours) between day and night durations.
  • Regions further from the Equator have more uneven day and night durations as they receive less direct sunlight for a fixed period.

Boundaries of India

  • Afghanistan and Pakistan border India to the northwest.
  • China, Bhutan, and Nepal are India's northern neighbors.
  • The Chinese border stretches from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh, passing through Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim.
  • Bangladesh lies to the east, with Myanmar to the far east.
  • The Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar separate Sri Lanka from India.
  • Maldives is an island neighbor to the southwest.
  • The Himalayas border India on its northern and northeastern sides.
  • There are 28 states and 8 union territories in India.

Political Divisions

  • India's states and territories are organized into zones based on location.

    • North-western India: Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh and Punjab
    • Northern India: Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
    • Western India: Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan
    • Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
    • Eastern India: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Sikkim and West Bengal
    • North-eastern India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura
    • Southern India: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu
  • State Capitals:

    • Andhra Pradesh: Amaravati
    • Arunachal Pradesh: Itanagar
    • Assam: Dispur
    • Bihar: Patna
    • Chhattisgarh: Raipur
    • Goa: Panaji
    • Gujarat: Gandhinagar
    • Haryana: Chandigarh
    • Himachal Pradesh: Shimla
    • Jharkhand: Ranchi
    • Karnataka: Bengaluru
    • Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram
    • Madhya Pradesh: Bhopal
    • Maharashtra: Mumbai
    • Manipur: Imphal
    • Meghalaya: Shillong
    • Mizoram: Aizawl
    • Nagaland: Kohima
    • Odisha: Bhubaneswar
    • Punjab: Chandigarh
    • Rajasthan: Jaipur
    • Sikkim: Gangtok
    • Tamil Nadu: Chennai
    • Telangana: Hyderabad
    • Tripura: Agartala
    • Uttarakhand: Dehradun
    • Uttar Pradesh: Lucknow
    • West Bengal: Kolkata
  • Union Territories:

    • Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Port Blair
    • Chandigarh: Chandigarh
    • Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu: Daman
    • Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar, Jammu
    • Ladakh: Leh
    • Lakshadweep: Kavaratti
    • Puducherry: Puducherry
    • National Capital Territory of Delhi: Delhi

Physiographic Features of India

  • India is divided into six divisions based on physical features:
    • Northern Mountains
    • Northern Plains
    • Peninsular Plateau
    • Great Indian Desert
    • Coastal Plains
    • Islands

Northern Mountains

  • The Northern Mountains encompass the Himalayas
  • 'Himalaya' means 'abode of snow' in Sanskrit.
  • The Himalayas stretch 2,500 km from the Pamir Knot in the west to Purvanchal in the east.
  • Himalayan width varies from 400 km in the west to 150 km in the east.
  • The Himalayas are young mountains composed of sedimentary rocks.
  • There are three parallel Himalayan ranges: Himadri, Himachal, and Sivalik.

Greater Himalayas or Himadri

  • The Greater Himalayas are the northernmost ranges.
  • It has an average height of 6,000 meters.
  • It has a width between 120 km and 190 km.
  • Peaks in this region include:
    • Mt Everest (Nepal)
    • Kanchenjunga
    • Makalu
    • Dhaulagiri
    • Nanga Parbat.
  • These peaks exceeding 8,000 meters are mostly on the country's borders.
  • The peaks of this range are perennially covered with snow.
  • High passes include:
    • Rohtang
    • Bara-lacha La
    • Shipki La
    • Zoji La pass.

Lesser Himalayas or Himachal

  • Himachal lies south of the Greater Himalayas.
  • These regions have an altitude of 1,000 - 4,500 metres
  • It has an average width of 50 km.
  • Prominent ranges include:
    • Pir Panjal
    • Dhaula Dhar
    • Mahabharata ranges.
  • Popular hill stations include:
    • Manali
    • Kullu
    • Dalhousie
    • Mussoorie
    • Shimla
    • Nainital
    • Darjeeling.
  • These hill stations are popular among tourists as they are easily accessible.

Outer Himalayas or the Sivaliks

  • The Sivaliks comprise the outermost Himalayan range
  • It has an altitude of 900 - 1,100 metres
  • It has a width between 10 km and 50 km.
  • The hills within this range are narrow, discontinuous, and merge with other ranges.
  • Valleys between the Sivaliks and Himachal are called 'Duns' such as:
    • Dehradun
    • Kotlidun
    • Patlidun.
  • The terai, a densely forested and marshy region, lies at the foothills of the Sivaliks.

Purvanchal Range

  • The Purvanchal Range runs along the India-Myanmar border to the east
  • It has an average altitude of less than 3,000 metres.
  • Different local names depending on location include:
    • Patkai Bum and Naga Hills in the north
    • the Lushai Hills and Mizo Hills in the south
    • the Garo Hills
    • Khasi Hills
    • Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya.
  • The Karakoram range is north of the Himalayas along the border of India, Pakistan and China.
  • The Karakoram extends to Afghanistan and Tajikistan
  • Most of the peaks in the Karakoram range that cross 8,000 metres are not within India.

Importance of the Himalayas

  • Protection from cold north-eastern trade winds from Tibet
  • Direction of monsoon winds
  • Storehouse of resources
  • Source of biodiversity and tourist attraction
  • Source of many important rivers

Northern Plains

  • The Northern Plains, also called the Gangetic Plains, lie south of the Himalayas and north of the Peninsular Plateau.
  • These plains are formed by the alluvial deposits from the rivers Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra.
  • The plains are about 2,400 kilometers in length.
  • This is the most densely populated area of the country.
  • The plains are fertile due to alluvial sediment and good for crops:
    • wheat
    • rice
    • sugarcane
    • pulses
    • oilseeds
    • jute.
  • The Northern Plains are broadly divided into the Western Plain and the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.

Western Plain

  • The Western Plain is formed by the Indus and its tributaries:
    • Jhelum
    • Chenab
    • Ravi
    • Beas
    • Sutlej.
  • The Jhelum and Chenab flow through Jammu and Kashmir.
  • The Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej flow through the Punjab-Haryana plains.
  • A major portion of this plain is in Pakistan.
  • Doabs are found in the plains of Punjab.

Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain

  • The Ganga-Brahmapurta plain is formed by the deposition of sediments brought by the two main river systems-the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
  • The Yamuna is Ganga's most important tributary.
  • Both the Yamuna and the Ganga originate in the Himalayas.
  • The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, where it is known as Tsangpo.
  • It flows east and turns south, flowing westwards through Assam.
  • The Ganga Plain extends between the Ghaggar and Teesta rivers.
  • The Brahmaputra Plain forms the eastern part of the northern plains.
  • The Brahmaputra meets the Ganga in Bangladesh as Padma, forming the world's largest delta.

Importance of the Northern Plains

  • Fertile soil and water resources.
  • The plains are rich agricultural lands making them the granaries of India
  • Flat surface, slow rivers and suitable climate.
  • A good network of roads and railways has led to industrialisation and assisted the economy.

Peninsular Plateau

  • The Peninsular Plateau is the largest and oldest hard rock formation.
  • It is a triangular-shaped tableland part of Gondwanaland.
  • The Peninsular Plateau is divided into the Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau.

Central Highlands

  • The Central Highlands extend from the Narmada River to the Northern Plains.
  • It is bounded by the Aravallis to the west and the Satpura range to the south.
  • The eastern extension of the Central Highlands consists of the Rajmahal hills.
  • The Malwa and Chhota Nagpur Plateaus are part of the Central Highlands.
  • Betwa, Chambal and Ken are rivers that flow in the Malwa Plateau.
  • Mahadeo, Kaimur and Maikal are hills of the Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

Deccan Plateau

  • The Deccan Plateau is separated from the Chhota Nagpur Plateau by a geological fault.
  • The black soil area in the Deccan Plateau is known as the Deccan Trap Region.
  • The Deccan Trap Region is formed by volcanic eruptions.
  • This soil is suitable for cotton and sugarcane crops.
  • The Deccan Plateau is divided into the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.

Western Ghats

  • The Western Ghats are a mountain range running parallel to the western coast.
  • It is also known as Sahyadri Ghats.
  • The Western Ghats are continuous and can be crossed through passes (Thal Ghat, Bhor Ghat, Pal Ghat).
  • The highest peak in this region is Anamudi (2,695 metres).
  • Famous waterfalls here include:
    • Jog Falls on the Sharavati River
    • Shivasamudram Falls on the Kaveri River.

Eastern Ghats

  • The Eastern Ghats consist of discontinuous low mountains.
  • They run parallel to the eastern coast from the south of Mahanadi Valley to the Nilgiri Hills.
  • The highest peak in this region is Mahendragiri (1,501 metres).
  • The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri river systems drain this area.
  • The Nilgiri Hills connect the Western and Eastern Ghats in the south.

The Great Indian Desert

  • The Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, lies to the north-west of the Aravalli Hills.
  • This region gets very little annual rainfall (less than 150 millimetres).
  • It has a very dry climate.
  • It has a region of inland drainage.
  • The Luni is the only large river that flows through this region.
  • The Sambhar Lake is the largest of several salt lakes.
  • Crescent-shaped dunes (barchans) can be found in this area.

Coastal Plains

  • The Coastal Plains in India run parallel to the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
  • On the basis of location, they are divided into the western and eastern coastal plains.

Western Coastal Plain

  • The western coastal plain extends from Rann of Kutch in Gujarat to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
  • It has four divisions:
    • Kutch and Kathiawar Coast in Gujarat
    • Konkan Coast in Maharashtra
    • Goan Coast in Goa and Karnataka
    • Malabar Coast in Kerala
  • The western coast is narrow in the middle and gets broader towards the north and south.
  • The rivers in the western coast do not form a delta.

Eastern Coastal Plain

  • The eastern coastal plain extends along the Bay of Bengal.
  • It is broader than its western counterpart.
  • It is an emergent coastal plain.
  • It has fewer ports and harbours in comparison to the western coast
  • The eastern coast has well-developed deltas formed by the rivers:
    • Mahanadi
    • Godavari
    • Krishna
    • Kaveri.

Islands

  • There are two major island groups in India:
    • the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal
    • the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

  • The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are found within the Bay of Bengal and consist of 204 islands.
  • The two islet groups:
    • Ritchie's Archipelago
    • Labyrinth Islands.
  • An active volcano called Barren Volcano is located on Barren Island in the Andaman Islands.
  • The Andaman Islands are separated from the Nicobar Islands by the Ten Degree Channel.

Lakshadweep Islands

  • The Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea and include 43 islands.
  • They are located near the Malabar Coast of Kerala.
  • These islands were formed by corals.
  • Minicoy is the largest amongst the Lakshadweep Islands.
  • The eastern Deccan Plateau, called Telangana, is made of vast sheets of massive granite rock, which effectively traps rainwater.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser