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Questions and Answers
Which line places Aksai Chin under China's control?
What area do both India and China have minimal border disputes over?
What does China consider illegal regarding the McMahon Line?
Which of the following recent conflicts occurred in Galwan Valley?
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What name has China assigned to Arunachal Pradesh, which India rejects?
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What is the primary purpose of the right to data portability?
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Which principle is NOT mentioned as a basis for the rights of data principals?
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What concern is associated with data portability?
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In the context of data protection, what does accountability refer to?
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What is a major benefit of the rights granted to data principals according to the Srikrishna Committee?
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What does the principle of purpose limitation entail?
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What does data minimisation refer to?
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Which principle ensures the accuracy and relevance of personal data?
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What is meant by storage limitation in data protection?
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What does the principle of accountability in data protection involve?
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Study Notes
India-China Border Dispute
- India shares a border with China in four states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of Ladakh.
- The border is divided into three sectors: Western, Middle, and Eastern.
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Western Sector: Disputed area of Aksai Chin between India and China.
- Johnson Line (1865): Shows Aksai Chin under India's control (erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir, now Ladakh).
- McDonald Line (1893): Places Aksai Chin under China's control.
- The current border is marked by the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Middle Sector: Border between Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Both sides have limited disagreements.
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Eastern Sector: Border with Arunachal Pradesh.
- Disputed area at the Talu Pass (Dhipu Pass) at the trijunction of Tibet, India, and Myanmar.
- The McMahon Line is the basis for the border in this sector.
- China rejects the McMahon Line, claiming Tibet's representatives lacked authority to sign the 1914 Shimla Convention that defined the line.
- The Tawang Monastery is located in this region.
- China has renamed some locations in Arunachal Pradesh. India has rejected these changes, stating the state is an integral part of India.
- The Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs released a list of standardized geographical names for Arunachal Pradesh, which Beijing claims as southern Tibet.
- Since 2013, border tensions between India and China have increased.
- Notable standoffs include:
- 2017 Doklam standoff.
- 2020 Galwan Valley standoff in Ladakh.
- 2022 Tawang standoff in Arunachal Pradesh.
Data Protection Principles
- The principle of purpose limitation refers to the use of personal data only for the purpose specified at the time of obtaining consent from the Data Principal.
- The principle of data minimisation involves collecting only the necessary amount of personal data to serve the specified purpose.
- Data accuracy is ensured by keeping data correct and updated.
- Storage limitation mandates storing data only until it is needed for the specified purpose.
- Reasonable security safeguards should be implemented to protect data.
- The principle of accountability involves handling data breaches and breaches of the Bill provisions, including the imposition of penalties for these breaches.
Personal Data
- Personal data is information relating to an identified or identifiable individual.
- Both businesses and government entities process personal data for delivering goods and services.
- The processing of personal data allows for a deeper understanding of individuals.
Data Principal Rights
- The Srikrishna Committee (2018) emphasized a strong set of rights for data principals as a crucial component of data protection law.
- These rights are rooted in principles of autonomy, transparency, and accountability, aiming to provide individuals with control over their data.
- The right to data portability enables data principals to obtain and transfer their data from a data fiduciary for their own use in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable format.
- This enhances data principal control and facilitates data migration between fiduciaries.
Potential Concerns
- A potential concern with data portability is that it might reveal trade secrets belonging to the data fiduciary.
Data Principal Responsibilities
- Data principals must avoid registering false or frivolous complaints, and they must not furnish false particulars or impersonate another person in specified cases.
- Violation of these duties can result in a penalty of up to Rs 10,000.
Obligations of Data Fiduciaries
- Data fiduciaries, the entities determining the purpose and means of processing personal data, must:
- make reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data.
- establish reasonable security safeguards to prevent data breaches.
- inform the Data Protection Board of India and affected persons in the event of a breach.
- erase personal data once the purpose has been fulfilled and its retention is not required for legal purposes.
- The storage limitation and right of data principal erasure do not apply to government entities.
Transfer of Personal Data Outside India
- The Bill permits the transfer of personal data outside India, subject to specific conditions.
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Description
Explore the complexities of the India-China border dispute, a significant issue involving territories in four Indian states and the Union Territory of Ladakh. Understand the divisions across Western, Middle, and Eastern sectors, including the historical lines of control and key areas of contention like Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
