Inclusiveness: Concepts and Principles
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Questions and Answers

Inclusion refers to the practice or policy of ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their differences, feel valued, respected, and able to participate fully in ______.

society

The principle of inclusion is the opposite of ______ and also alienation.

exclusion

Key principles of inclusion include respect for diversity, equal access and ______, active participation, and a supportive environment.

opportunity

Promote diverse perspectives and celebrate what makes each person ______.

<p>unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ensure that everyone has access to the same opportunities, resources, and ______ systems.

<p>support</p> Signup and view all the answers

Create spaces where everyone is encouraged and facilitated to contribute and be ______.

<p>involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foster an environment where individuals feel safe, supported, and ______.

<p>respected</p> Signup and view all the answers

Address discrimination, harassment, and ______ to maintain an inclusive atmosphere.

<p>bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the ______ model, persons with disabilities need to be ‘cured’ through medical interventions.

<p>Medical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the ______ model, the focus is on removing barriers for persons with disabilities.

<p>Social</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social model suggests that disability is the consequence of interaction with an environment that does not ______ individual differences.

<p>accommodate</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Oliver, disability is something imposed on top of our impairments by the way we are unnecessarily ______ from society.

<p>isolated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disability is defined as the ______ or restriction of activity caused by social organization.

<p>disadvantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Impairment is defined as lacking all or part of a limb or having a defective ______, organism, or mechanism of the body.

<p>limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ideology of the social model recognizes that disabled people are an ______ group in society.

<p>oppressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The position of persons with disabilities in society is often one where they cannot access ______ opportunities for participation.

<p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural competence involves developing awareness, knowledge, and skills to engage effectively with people from different __________.

<p>cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Open communication encourages dialogue and listening to diverse __________.

<p>perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals and organizations are held __________ for creating an inclusive environment.

<p>accountable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inclusion recognizes and values the presence of individuals from diverse __________.

<p>backgrounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Everyone should have __________ to opportunities, resources, and support systems without facing barriers.

<p>access</p> Signup and view all the answers

In inclusive environments, individuals are treated with respect and __________.

<p>dignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inclusion ensures that all individuals feel they belong and can fully participate in __________ processes.

<p>decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inclusive environments actively work against __________ and bias.

<p>discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some causes of impairment are classified into 2 major categories: Biological and ______.

<p>Environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetically induced factors may lead to conditions such as Down syndrome and other multiple ______.

<p>impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Illnesses and exposure to X-rays can result in a genetic ______.

<p>disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pre-term and underweight birth may result in different forms of ______.

<p>impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Childhood diseases such as whooping cough and measles may lead to meningitis and ______.

<p>encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Toxic materials like lead and ______ can damage the brain.

<p>mercury</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disability refers to the umbrella term covering impairments, activity limitations and participation ______.

<p>restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major kinds of impairments include Visual impairment, Hearing impairment, and ______.

<p>Intellectual Disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incarcerated individuals often face stigmatization and limited opportunities for ______.

<p>employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

People trafficked for forced labor or sexual exploitation are often stripped of their ______.

<p>autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Legislations and litigations created opportunities for children with disabilities to access education in ______ schools.

<p>public</p> Signup and view all the answers

Specialized schools were established to provide educational services with a specialized approach for children with ______.

<p>disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1960s and 70s, special needs education classes were established in public schools to create a least ______ environment.

<p>restrictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

The integration approach requires students with disabilities to fit the ______ without changing the regular education system.

<p>system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inclusive education approach focuses on changing the regular education system to fit the ______ educational needs of students.

<p>special</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women and girls may face risks such as gender-based violence, domestic abuse, and ______.

<p>early marriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Victims of human trafficking may experience risks such as physical abuse and ______.

<p>exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnic and racial minorities are often vulnerable due to ______, racism, and systemic discrimination.

<p>prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

People living in poverty often experience risks such as homelessness, malnutrition, and ______.

<p>unemployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refugees may face challenges like statelessness, exploitation, and poor living ______.

<p>conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with chronic illnesses often deal with ______ stigma and reduced access to healthcare.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homeless populations are at risk of poor health, violence, and ______ abuse.

<p>substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

People living in rural areas may face ______ isolation and limited access to education.

<p>geographic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Girls and women often encounter cultural ______ that contribute to their vulnerability.

<p>norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the environment according to WHO (2001) in relation to disability?

The physical and service aspects that affect individuals with disabilities. It includes factors like technology, natural environment, social support, attitudes, and policies.

What is inclusion?

A practice or policy ensuring everyone feels valued, respected, and can fully participate in society, regardless of their differences.

What is respect for diversity?

The concept of valuing and respecting individual differences, including culture, race, gender, ability, age, and socioeconomic background.

What is equal access and opportunity?

Ensuring everyone has equal access to opportunities, resources, and support systems, regardless of their differences.

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What is active participation?

Creating spaces where everyone is encouraged and facilitated to contribute and be involved.

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What is a supportive environment?

Fostering an environment where individuals feel safe, supported, and respected.

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What is the principle of inclusion?

The principle where everyone benefits from societal progress, not just individuals with advantages.

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What is the principle of inclusion in relation to exclusion?

The opposite of exclusion and alienation, it promotes the idea that shared benefits belong to all individuals.

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Inclusion

Creating a space where everyone feels welcome, respected, and has the opportunity to participate fully, regardless of their differences.

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Diversity Representation

Recognizing and valuing the presence of people from different backgrounds, including race, gender, culture, and abilities.

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Equal Access

Ensuring that everyone has access to opportunities and resources without facing discrimination.

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Respect and Dignity

Treating everyone with respect and dignity, regardless of their differences.

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Participation and Belonging

Creating an environment where everyone feels they belong and can actively participate in decision-making and social activities.

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Non-Discrimination

Actively working to eliminate discrimination and bias, whether intentional or unconscious.

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Support for Individual Needs

Recognizing that individuals have unique needs and may require different supports to thrive.

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Cultural Competence

Building understanding, knowledge, and skills to effectively interact with people from different cultures.

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Biological Causes of Impairment

Genetic factors, such as inherited disorders or illnesses, that can lead to impairments in children.

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Environmental Causes of Impairment

Environmental factors, such as poverty, malnutrition, or exposure to toxins, that can cause impairments in children.

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Disability

A broad term encompassing a range of disabilities, including limitations in activities and participation.

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Visual Impairment

Difficulty with vision ranging from partial sight loss to complete blindness.

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Hearing Impairment

Difficulty with hearing, ranging from mild hearing loss to deafness.

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Specific Learning Disability

A learning disorder that can affect reading, writing, or math skills.

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Speech and Language Impairment

Problems with speech production, language understanding, or fluency.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

A developmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and behavior.

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Medical Model of Disability

The medical model sees disability as a problem within the individual that needs 'fixing'. This leads to the belief that PWDs need medical interventions before they can participate in society.

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Social Model of Disability

The social model views disability as a result of societal barriers that exclude PWDs from full participation.

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Removing barriers

The social model emphasizes removing barriers in the environment to enable PWDs to participate equally.

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Disability as diversity

The social model sees disability as a natural form of human diversity, not a problem to be solved.

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Disability vs. Impairment

This model focuses on the limitations caused by a lack of societal accommodation for PWDs, not solely on the individual.

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Social change for inclusivity

The social model advocates for societal changes to eliminate physical, social, and communication barriers that hinder participation.

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Oppression of PWDs

PWDs are an oppressed group facing exclusion and isolation due to societal structures that fail to accommodate their needs.

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Equal participation

The social model aims to ensure PWDs have equal opportunities to participate in all aspects of life, just like everyone else.

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Vulnerable Populations

Individuals facing systematic disadvantages and higher risks due to factors like gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

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Why are Women and Girls Vulnerable?

Women and girls experience higher rates of discrimination and violence due to societal norms and gender inequality.

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Why are Ethnic and Racial Minorities Vulnerable?

Ethnic and racial minorities often face prejudice, racism, and systemic discrimination, limiting their access to opportunities and resources.

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Why are Refugees, Migrants, and Displaced Persons Vulnerable?

Refugees, migrants, and displaced persons face challenges adapting to new environments and may lack access to basic services and legal protection.

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Why are People Living in Poverty Vulnerable?

People living in poverty lack basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare, making them more susceptible to exploitation and harm.

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Why are People With Chronic Illnesses Vulnerable?

Individuals with chronic illnesses may face health complications, stigmatization, and limited access to healthcare, making them vulnerable.

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Why are Homeless People Vulnerable?

Homeless people have limited access to stable housing, healthcare, and employment, leaving them exposed to harsh conditions and exploitation.

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Why are Rural Populations Vulnerable?

Rural populations may face limited access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities due to geographic isolation and lack of infrastructure.

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Vulnerability of Prisoners and Ex-Offenders

Formerly incarcerated individuals face challenges like stigma, limited job opportunities, and inadequate social services, making them vulnerable to recidivism, social isolation, poverty, and mental health issues.

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Vulnerability of Human Trafficking Victims

Human trafficking victims are often deprived of autonomy and subjected to violence, exploitation, and abuse, leading to a high risk of physical and sexual harm, trauma, and lack of legal protection.

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Specialized and Residential Schools for Students with Disabilities

Specialized schools for students with disabilities were established in the 19th and 20th centuries, aiming to provide tailored education in a segregated environment. Examples include schools for the deaf or blind.

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Mainstreaming of Special Needs Education

Mainstreaming involved creating special needs education classes within regular public schools, aiming to provide a less restrictive environment for students with disabilities.

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Integration of Students with Disabilities

Integration involves placing students with disabilities in general classrooms without significantly altering the existing school system. Students are expected to adapt to existing structures and practices.

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Inclusive Education

Inclusive education focuses on modifying the regular education system to accommodate the special needs of students with disabilities. This approach prioritizes individual needs and removing barriers to participation.

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Inclusive Education: System Change

The approach emphasizes changing the system to fit the needs of students with disabilities, rather than requiring students to fit the system. It advocates for removing barriers and ensuring equal access and opportunity for all learners.

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Inclusive Education: Individualized Support

This approach recognizes the importance of personalized support and tailored interventions to meet the diverse learning needs of students with disabilities. It promotes individualized learning plans and flexible teaching strategies.

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Study Notes

Addis Ababa University Course Information

  • College of Education and Behavioral Studies
  • Special Needs/Inclusive Education
  • Course Title: Inclusiveness
  • Course Code: SNIE 1012
  • Date: August 2024

Chapter One: Concepts and Principles of Inclusion

1.1 Definition

  • Inclusion means all people are entitled to full membership in the human family.
  • Fundamentally, inclusion is the principle that:
    • All are entitled to participate fully in all aspects of society.
    • All have equal rights and responsibilities.
    • All have something to contribute.
  • Inclusion demands valued recognition of all people in every part of society.
  • It is the right of the individual and the responsibility of society as a whole.
  • It requires the removal of barriers and social structures to participation.
  • It accepts all people as human diversity.
  • Inclusion is a continuous process involving steps such as:
    • Developing inclusive plans, policies, or legal frameworks.
    • Developing inclusive culture within communities and institutions.
    • Evolving inclusive practices.
  • Inclusive services require consideration of three dimensions:
    • Creating a non-discriminatory community attitude towards persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.
    • Creating accessible physical and service environments.
    • Supporting participation in socio-economic and political activities.
  • Inclusion emphasizes creating environments where diverse individuals can contribute without discrimination, recognizing and supporting different perspectives and needs.

1.2 Principles of Inclusion

  • It is the opposite of exclusion and alienation.
  • Inclusion recognizes the heritage of all people, not just the able-bodied.
  • Some key principles include respect for diversity, recognizing differences (culture, race, gender, ability, age, religion, socioeconomic background).
  • Promoting diverse perspectives and celebrating each person's uniqueness.

1.3 Elements of Inclusion

  • Inclusion promotes equal participation of all people in all aspects of public life.
  • Key elements include:
    • Equity
    • Diversity
    • Belonging
    • Respect
    • Collaboration
    • Representation
    • Accessibility
    • Cultural Competence
    • Open communication
    • Accountability

1.4 Features of Inclusion and Inclusive Environments

  • Includes a range of principles and practices ensuring equitable participation.
  • Core features:
    • Diversity representation
    • Equal access
    • Respect and dignity
    • Participation and belonging
    • Non-discrimination
    • Support for individual needs
    • Cultural competence
    • Collaboration and teamwork
    • Empowerment and voice
    • Accountability and continuous improvement

Chapter Two: The Challenges for Inclusion and the Historical and Societal Context of Exclusion for Persons with Disabilities and other Marginalized Groups

2.1 Understanding Disability and Vulnerability

2.1.1 Disability

  • Disability is a human diversity, a natural occurring event.
  • Over one billion people globally have a disability (about 15% of the world's population).
  • Disability disproportionately affects disadvantaged sectors of populations in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Globally inclusive development includes everyone, especially those who are marginalized.

2.1.2 Evolution of the Concept of Disability (Models of Disability)

  • Several models exist, including the Charity Model, Medical Approach, Social Approach, and a Rights-Based Approach, used to conceptualize and understand disability.

2.2 Vulnerability

2.2.1 Definitions and Types of Vulnerability

  • Vulnerability is the susceptibility and exploitation of a person or group by various factors, such as physical susceptibility to harm, social or economic hardship.
  • Vulnerability can be categorized into emotional/psychological, social/economic, physical, and attitudinal/cultural vulnerability.

2.2.2 Causes of Vulnerability

  • Factors contributing to vulnerability can be broadly divided into economic, social, environmental, health, and political/institutional domains

2.3 Historical Background of Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities Applied in Education

  • Specialised and or Residential Schools: Separate educational facilities for students with disabilities.
  • Mainstreaming: Integrating students with disabilities into regular education settings.
  • Integration: Integrating students with disabilities into regular education classes, but without significant changes to the overall system.
  • Inclusive Education: Adapting education systems and practices to best support the unique needs of all students.

2.4 Barriers for Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities

  • Various barriers to inclusion, including: Institutional, Physical, Informational. and Communication barriers; also Attitudinal and Cultural barriers.

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Inclusiveness Module Chapter 1 & 2 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on the foundational concepts and principles of inclusion as outlined in Chapter One of the course 'Inclusiveness' (SNIE 1012) from Addis Ababa University. It explores the definition of inclusion, its significance, and the responsibilities of society in fostering an inclusive environment for all individuals. Test your understanding of these critical concepts.

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