Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors most significantly contributes to the high rate of incarceration in the United States?
Which of the following factors most significantly contributes to the high rate of incarceration in the United States?
- Aggressive policing strategies and tough-on-crime policies. (correct)
- A greater emphasis on restorative justice practices.
- Decreased funding for law enforcement agencies.
- A decline in rehabilitation programs within correctional facilities.
What is a potential unintended consequence of increasing the number of police officers on the street?
What is a potential unintended consequence of increasing the number of police officers on the street?
- A decline in the effectiveness of violence reduction strategies.
- A reduction in the overall costs associated with law enforcement.
- A decrease in community trust in law enforcement. (correct)
- An increase in the rehabilitation rates of offenders.
What historical context is important for understanding the relationship between law enforcement and African Americans?
What historical context is important for understanding the relationship between law enforcement and African Americans?
- The establishment of community policing initiatives in the early 20th century.
- The consistent underrepresentation of African Americans in the criminal justice system.
- The role of slave patrols in suppressing Black Americans' pursuit of freedom. (correct)
- The absence of racial bias in the enforcement of laws throughout American history.
How does the historical context of law enforcement in the American South relate to contemporary issues?
How does the historical context of law enforcement in the American South relate to contemporary issues?
Given that approximately 60% of African American men born near the end of the 1960s will go to prison, which intervention strategy would likely have the greatest impact on recidivism rates?
Given that approximately 60% of African American men born near the end of the 1960s will go to prison, which intervention strategy would likely have the greatest impact on recidivism rates?
Which approach would be most effective in breaking the cycle of high incarceration rates within specific communities?
Which approach would be most effective in breaking the cycle of high incarceration rates within specific communities?
How does focusing solely on increasing police presence impact communities?
How does focusing solely on increasing police presence impact communities?
What lasting effect did slave patrols have on the relationship between law enforcement and African American communities?
What lasting effect did slave patrols have on the relationship between law enforcement and African American communities?
Given the high incarceration rate in the U.S., what policy change would directly address the issue of mass incarceration?
Given the high incarceration rate in the U.S., what policy change would directly address the issue of mass incarceration?
Which statement accurately reflects the costs associated with over-policing in certain communities?
Which statement accurately reflects the costs associated with over-policing in certain communities?
What is the potential problem with relying solely on increased police presence as a crime reduction strategy?
What is the potential problem with relying solely on increased police presence as a crime reduction strategy?
How might understanding the history of slave patrols inform modern approaches to community policing?
How might understanding the history of slave patrols inform modern approaches to community policing?
Given the statistics regarding the incarceration rates of African American men, what could be an effective preventative intervention to reduce these rates?
Given the statistics regarding the incarceration rates of African American men, what could be an effective preventative intervention to reduce these rates?
What is the primary implication of the U.S. having the highest imprisonment rate worldwide?
What is the primary implication of the U.S. having the highest imprisonment rate worldwide?
When evaluating the effectiveness of law enforcement strategies, what trade-off should policymakers consider?
When evaluating the effectiveness of law enforcement strategies, what trade-off should policymakers consider?
Which of the following approaches would likely reduce the prison population while maintaining public safety?
Which of the following approaches would likely reduce the prison population while maintaining public safety?
How does the criminalization of Black Americans’ attempts to achieve freedom relate to current perceptions of crime and justice?
How does the criminalization of Black Americans’ attempts to achieve freedom relate to current perceptions of crime and justice?
What is one potential fiscal implication of the high incarceration rate in the United States?
What is one potential fiscal implication of the high incarceration rate in the United States?
Which approach to law enforcement would likely emphasize building trust and collaboration with the community?
Which approach to law enforcement would likely emphasize building trust and collaboration with the community?
Considering the disproportionate rate of incarceration among African American men, which preventive measure would likely have the most far-reaching positive impact?
Considering the disproportionate rate of incarceration among African American men, which preventive measure would likely have the most far-reaching positive impact?
Which factor is NOT identified as a potential contributor to the decrease in violence in the United States?
Which factor is NOT identified as a potential contributor to the decrease in violence in the United States?
Which of the following is a valid comparison of homicide rates between the U.S. and other developed countries, according to the text?
Which of the following is a valid comparison of homicide rates between the U.S. and other developed countries, according to the text?
Given the multifactorial explanations for the decline in violence, which approach would be most effective in sustaining this trend?
Given the multifactorial explanations for the decline in violence, which approach would be most effective in sustaining this trend?
What conclusion can be drawn about the role of alcohol consumption and lead poisoning in reducing violence, based on the content?
What conclusion can be drawn about the role of alcohol consumption and lead poisoning in reducing violence, based on the content?
A city is experiencing a rise in homicides after a period of decline. Considering the factors discussed, which strategy might be the MOST effective first step in addressing this issue?
A city is experiencing a rise in homicides after a period of decline. Considering the factors discussed, which strategy might be the MOST effective first step in addressing this issue?
If a policy maker aims to address the high rate of violence in the U.S. compared to other developed nations, which action would be LEAST likely to produce immediate, significant change?
If a policy maker aims to address the high rate of violence in the U.S. compared to other developed nations, which action would be LEAST likely to produce immediate, significant change?
Historically, violence has shown a specific trend over the centuries; it has:
Historically, violence has shown a specific trend over the centuries; it has:
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the interplay between historical context, socioeconomic factors, and violence?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the interplay between historical context, socioeconomic factors, and violence?
What broader implication can be inferred from the comparison of U.S. homicide rates with those of other developed countries?
What broader implication can be inferred from the comparison of U.S. homicide rates with those of other developed countries?
Which statement presents the most comprehensive view of the factors involved in the decrease in U.S. violence rates?
Which statement presents the most comprehensive view of the factors involved in the decrease in U.S. violence rates?
If a researcher wants to study the impact of incarceration on crime rates, what confounding variable should they MOST carefully consider?
If a researcher wants to study the impact of incarceration on crime rates, what confounding variable should they MOST carefully consider?
Considering various approaches to reduce violence, which strategy balances crime reduction with minimizing negative impacts on communities?
Considering various approaches to reduce violence, which strategy balances crime reduction with minimizing negative impacts on communities?
How might a researcher investigate the claim that a 'historical culture of violence' contributes to the high rate of violence in the U.S.?
How might a researcher investigate the claim that a 'historical culture of violence' contributes to the high rate of violence in the U.S.?
Which of these scenarios exemplifies how high levels of inequality might contribute to violence?
Which of these scenarios exemplifies how high levels of inequality might contribute to violence?
What is a key challenge in determining the specific impact of any single factor, such as increased policing, on the overall decrease in violence?
What is a key challenge in determining the specific impact of any single factor, such as increased policing, on the overall decrease in violence?
What is one reason to avoid increasing incarceration as a violence reduction strategy?
What is one reason to avoid increasing incarceration as a violence reduction strategy?
How does the long-term trend of decreasing violence inform current debates about criminal justice reform?
How does the long-term trend of decreasing violence inform current debates about criminal justice reform?
Which approach to reducing violence would likely be effective while also addressing concerns about fairness and equity?
Which approach to reducing violence would likely be effective while also addressing concerns about fairness and equity?
What is the relationship between access to firearms and violence?
What is the relationship between access to firearms and violence?
Which intervention is MOST likely to address the limitations of relying solely on increased policing as a strategy to reduce violence?
Which intervention is MOST likely to address the limitations of relying solely on increased policing as a strategy to reduce violence?
How does the concept of 'relative deprivation' contribute to the understanding of crime rates?
How does the concept of 'relative deprivation' contribute to the understanding of crime rates?
What critical assumption underlies the 'culture of violence' thesis in explaining homicide rates in the United States?
What critical assumption underlies the 'culture of violence' thesis in explaining homicide rates in the United States?
For a city aiming to reduce its homicide rate, which strategy would directly target the underlying principles of relative deprivation?
For a city aiming to reduce its homicide rate, which strategy would directly target the underlying principles of relative deprivation?
In a society with high levels of relative deprivation, which social consequence is most likely to emerge?
In a society with high levels of relative deprivation, which social consequence is most likely to emerge?
Which scenario best illustrates the impact of a 'culture of violence' on community perceptions and behaviors?
Which scenario best illustrates the impact of a 'culture of violence' on community perceptions and behaviors?
What is an important implication of the finding that the United States has a higher homicide rate compared to other developed countries?
What is an important implication of the finding that the United States has a higher homicide rate compared to other developed countries?
How might the concept of 'relative deprivation' explain variations in crime rates between wealthy and impoverished neighborhoods within the same city?
How might the concept of 'relative deprivation' explain variations in crime rates between wealthy and impoverished neighborhoods within the same city?
What critical perspective does a 'culture of violence' analysis offer in understanding school shootings?
What critical perspective does a 'culture of violence' analysis offer in understanding school shootings?
Which approach would be MOST consistent with addressing crime using a framework that incorporates both 'relative deprivation' and 'culture of violence'?
Which approach would be MOST consistent with addressing crime using a framework that incorporates both 'relative deprivation' and 'culture of violence'?
In evaluating the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing homicide rates, what is a potential limitation of solely focusing on incarceration?
In evaluating the effectiveness of policies aimed at reducing homicide rates, what is a potential limitation of solely focusing on incarceration?
How does the concept of 'relative deprivation' differ from absolute poverty in its impact on crime?
How does the concept of 'relative deprivation' differ from absolute poverty in its impact on crime?
Which research approach would best investigate the long-term impact of a 'culture of violence' (e.g., in a specific region or community)?
Which research approach would best investigate the long-term impact of a 'culture of violence' (e.g., in a specific region or community)?
Which policy intervention would MOST directly address both 'relative deprivation' and a 'culture of violence' to reduce local crime rates?
Which policy intervention would MOST directly address both 'relative deprivation' and a 'culture of violence' to reduce local crime rates?
How might a criminologist use the concept of 'relative deprivation' to explain why crime rates sometimes increase during periods of economic growth?
How might a criminologist use the concept of 'relative deprivation' to explain why crime rates sometimes increase during periods of economic growth?
What is the primary distinction between strategies for reducing crime based on addressing 'relative deprivation' versus those based on suppressing a 'culture of violence'?
What is the primary distinction between strategies for reducing crime based on addressing 'relative deprivation' versus those based on suppressing a 'culture of violence'?
Which scenario exemplifies how the 'culture of violence' may perpetuate crime across generations?
Which scenario exemplifies how the 'culture of violence' may perpetuate crime across generations?
What is a key limitation of relying solely on increased incarceration rates to address issues stemming from 'relative deprivation'?
What is a key limitation of relying solely on increased incarceration rates to address issues stemming from 'relative deprivation'?
When considering crime reduction strategies, what might be a potential unintended consequence of overlooking the role of 'relative deprivation'?
When considering crime reduction strategies, what might be a potential unintended consequence of overlooking the role of 'relative deprivation'?
Which approach would be MOST effective in dismantling a 'culture of violence' within a community?
Which approach would be MOST effective in dismantling a 'culture of violence' within a community?
Which action would be LEAST likely to reduce crime rates if the primary driver of crime in a particular area is 'relative deprivation'?
Which action would be LEAST likely to reduce crime rates if the primary driver of crime in a particular area is 'relative deprivation'?
Which approach offers the most comprehensive understanding of crime and violence?
Which approach offers the most comprehensive understanding of crime and violence?
Why is murder considered the most accurately measured crime?
Why is murder considered the most accurately measured crime?
How do individuals' connections to others impact their involvement in violence?
How do individuals' connections to others impact their involvement in violence?
What is a key characteristic observed in many violent crimes?
What is a key characteristic observed in many violent crimes?
Which factor is LEAST considered within a primarily sociological approach to understanding crime?
Which factor is LEAST considered within a primarily sociological approach to understanding crime?
Why is analyzing arrest data alone potentially insufficient for accurately measuring crime trends?
Why is analyzing arrest data alone potentially insufficient for accurately measuring crime trends?
What might be inferred if two communities experience similar crime rates, but one invests heavily in community programs while the other relies primarily on policing?
What might be inferred if two communities experience similar crime rates, but one invests heavily in community programs while the other relies primarily on policing?
If a city aims to reduce violent crime, which strategy aligns best with sociological understanding?
If a city aims to reduce violent crime, which strategy aligns best with sociological understanding?
What does the focus on the social networks of violent offenders suggest about crime prevention?
What does the focus on the social networks of violent offenders suggest about crime prevention?
Considering the dual tracking of murder statistics, what is an advantage of involving health departments?
Considering the dual tracking of murder statistics, what is an advantage of involving health departments?
How might a community strengthen its resilience against violence, based on sociological insights?
How might a community strengthen its resilience against violence, based on sociological insights?
Which situation highlights the impact of weak institutional ties on violence?
Which situation highlights the impact of weak institutional ties on violence?
How can understanding the network structure of violent crime inform policy?
How can understanding the network structure of violent crime inform policy?
What is the most significant implication of a small network of individuals committing a large portion of violent crime?
What is the most significant implication of a small network of individuals committing a large portion of violent crime?
What is a potential consequence of solely relying on traditional law enforcement approaches without addressing underlying social factors?
What is a potential consequence of solely relying on traditional law enforcement approaches without addressing underlying social factors?
What action would LEAST likely enhance the accuracy of crime measurement?
What action would LEAST likely enhance the accuracy of crime measurement?
How might interventions focused on strengthening social ties reduce crime?
How might interventions focused on strengthening social ties reduce crime?
What is a key limitation when interpreting murder statistics as a comprehensive indicator of societal violence?
What is a key limitation when interpreting murder statistics as a comprehensive indicator of societal violence?
Considering the impact of institutional ties, which approach would likely be MOST effective in reducing crime?
Considering the impact of institutional ties, which approach would likely be MOST effective in reducing crime?
How might the dual tracking of murder statistics by police and health departments improve understanding of crime?
How might the dual tracking of murder statistics by police and health departments improve understanding of crime?
Which concept describes the connections and attachments that individuals form with conventional people and institutions?
Which concept describes the connections and attachments that individuals form with conventional people and institutions?
How does the 'broken windows theory' suggest that crime can be reduced?
How does the 'broken windows theory' suggest that crime can be reduced?
What is the primary focus of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?
What is the primary focus of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?
Which of the following best illustrates the practical application of CPTED principles?
Which of the following best illustrates the practical application of CPTED principles?
In the context of crime reduction, what is the main goal of strengthening social bonds?
In the context of crime reduction, what is the main goal of strengthening social bonds?
How can understanding an offender's social network assist in crime prevention efforts?
How can understanding an offender's social network assist in crime prevention efforts?
How might the principles of 'broken windows theory' be applied to reduce incidences of vandalism in a park?
How might the principles of 'broken windows theory' be applied to reduce incidences of vandalism in a park?
What is a key difference between CPTED and the 'broken windows theory'?
What is a key difference between CPTED and the 'broken windows theory'?
How can strengthening social bonds within a community reduce crime rates?
How can strengthening social bonds within a community reduce crime rates?
Which scenario best illustrates the application of social network analysis in crime prevention?
Which scenario best illustrates the application of social network analysis in crime prevention?
Why might solely focusing on 'broken windows' policing be a controversial crime reduction strategy?
Why might solely focusing on 'broken windows' policing be a controversial crime reduction strategy?
What is a potential limitation of relying solely on CPTED to reduce crime?
What is a potential limitation of relying solely on CPTED to reduce crime?
How can law enforcement agencies effectively integrate social bond theory into their crime prevention strategies?
How can law enforcement agencies effectively integrate social bond theory into their crime prevention strategies?
What is a key element in ensuring successful implementation of CPTED principles?
What is a key element in ensuring successful implementation of CPTED principles?
If a city aims to reduce crime by strengthening social networks, which initiative would be most effective?
If a city aims to reduce crime by strengthening social networks, which initiative would be most effective?
Why is it important to consider the potential unintended consequences when applying the 'broken windows theory'?
Why is it important to consider the potential unintended consequences when applying the 'broken windows theory'?
What role do strong institutional ties play in reducing crime rates within a community?
What role do strong institutional ties play in reducing crime rates within a community?
How can a focus on environmental design contribute to a sense of community and reduced crime rates?
How can a focus on environmental design contribute to a sense of community and reduced crime rates?
What is the relationship between social networks and the spread of criminal behavior?
What is the relationship between social networks and the spread of criminal behavior?
How do environmental design and social bonds interact to influence crime rates?
How do environmental design and social bonds interact to influence crime rates?
What is the key distinction between street crime and white-collar crime?
What is the key distinction between street crime and white-collar crime?
Which scenario exemplifies a white-collar crime?
Which scenario exemplifies a white-collar crime?
Why might criminologists argue that focusing solely on street crime provides an incomplete picture of crime's impact?
Why might criminologists argue that focusing solely on street crime provides an incomplete picture of crime's impact?
A new law enforcement initiative aims to reduce both violent and property crime. Which strategy would likely be MOST effective based on the definitions provided?
A new law enforcement initiative aims to reduce both violent and property crime. Which strategy would likely be MOST effective based on the definitions provided?
How does the definition of 'crime' relate to the 'penal code'?
How does the definition of 'crime' relate to the 'penal code'?
If a person commits an act that violates the penal code, what are they legally considered?
If a person commits an act that violates the penal code, what are they legally considered?
What is the primary difference between criminology and criminal justice?
What is the primary difference between criminology and criminal justice?
How might a city reduce crime rates by addressing perceptions of law enforcement?
How might a city reduce crime rates by addressing perceptions of law enforcement?
Which crime is LEAST likely to be classified as a violent crime?
Which crime is LEAST likely to be classified as a violent crime?
How does the focus on street crime in media and law enforcement potentially affect public perception?
How does the focus on street crime in media and law enforcement potentially affect public perception?
What is a potential consequence of defining crime solely based on the penal code?
What is a potential consequence of defining crime solely based on the penal code?
Which methodological approach would effectively compare the impact of street crime versus white-collar crime on a community?
Which methodological approach would effectively compare the impact of street crime versus white-collar crime on a community?
How does focusing on the penal code influence law enforcement strategies?
How does focusing on the penal code influence law enforcement strategies?
What broader societal implications arise from the prioritization of street crime over white-collar crime?
What broader societal implications arise from the prioritization of street crime over white-collar crime?
Why is it important to differentiate between violent crime and property crime when analyzing crime statistics?
Why is it important to differentiate between violent crime and property crime when analyzing crime statistics?
In terms of the definitions provided, what distinguishes a violent crime from other types of illegal activities?
In terms of the definitions provided, what distinguishes a violent crime from other types of illegal activities?
How does the study of criminology inform public policy related to crime?
How does the study of criminology inform public policy related to crime?
What is the relationship between the term 'criminal' and the concepts of crime and penal code?
What is the relationship between the term 'criminal' and the concepts of crime and penal code?
What is the role of a penal code in defining criminal behavior?
What is the role of a penal code in defining criminal behavior?
Which approach would likely provide the most comprehensive understanding of crime trends?
Which approach would likely provide the most comprehensive understanding of crime trends?
How do functionalist theories primarily explain deviance?
How do functionalist theories primarily explain deviance?
What is a central tenet of conflict theories regarding deviance?
What is a central tenet of conflict theories regarding deviance?
Which perspective focuses on how definitions of deviance are constructed to advantage those in power, maintaining existing social hierarchies?
Which perspective focuses on how definitions of deviance are constructed to advantage those in power, maintaining existing social hierarchies?
How do conflict theories view the establishment and enforcement of social norms and laws?
How do conflict theories view the establishment and enforcement of social norms and laws?
In what way can deviance be considered beneficial to society?
In what way can deviance be considered beneficial to society?
Which question is a functionalist most likely to ask when studying drug use?
Which question is a functionalist most likely to ask when studying drug use?
Which question would a conflict theorist ask regarding corporate crime?
Which question would a conflict theorist ask regarding corporate crime?
What is a key difference between functionalist and conflict perspectives on deviance?
What is a key difference between functionalist and conflict perspectives on deviance?
Why might an act of deviance, such as protesting an unjust law, be considered a positive contribution to society?
Why might an act of deviance, such as protesting an unjust law, be considered a positive contribution to society?
How do different theories of deviance contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of crime?
How do different theories of deviance contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of crime?
What is the potential outcome when deviance acts as a catalyst for evaluating and reforming existing laws?
What is the potential outcome when deviance acts as a catalyst for evaluating and reforming existing laws?
Which scenario best illustrates how conflict theory explains the application of different penalties for similar crimes?
Which scenario best illustrates how conflict theory explains the application of different penalties for similar crimes?
What critical question does conflict theory pose regarding the creation of laws around environmental regulations?
What critical question does conflict theory pose regarding the creation of laws around environmental regulations?
Why is focusing solely on the functionalist perspective of deviance potentially limiting?
Why is focusing solely on the functionalist perspective of deviance potentially limiting?
How might understanding deviance through a functionalist perspective help in addressing social problems?
How might understanding deviance through a functionalist perspective help in addressing social problems?
What is one way that societal laws or norms can evolve, driven by actions initially labeled as 'deviant'?
What is one way that societal laws or norms can evolve, driven by actions initially labeled as 'deviant'?
From a conflict theory perspective, what purpose might 'tough on crime' policies serve, beyond merely reducing crime rates?
From a conflict theory perspective, what purpose might 'tough on crime' policies serve, beyond merely reducing crime rates?
How might an action viewed as deviant in one cultural context be seen as acceptable or even beneficial in another?
How might an action viewed as deviant in one cultural context be seen as acceptable or even beneficial in another?
Considering both functionalist and conflict perspectives, what comprehensive strategy might be used to address high rates of theft in a low-income community?
Considering both functionalist and conflict perspectives, what comprehensive strategy might be used to address high rates of theft in a low-income community?
What practical benefit is there in considering multiple explanations of deviance when forming social policy?
What practical benefit is there in considering multiple explanations of deviance when forming social policy?
How does hegemony, as it relates to conflict theories of deviance, manifest in the creation and enforcement of laws?
How does hegemony, as it relates to conflict theories of deviance, manifest in the creation and enforcement of laws?
Which scenario best exemplifies the differential association theory in explaining juvenile delinquency?
Which scenario best exemplifies the differential association theory in explaining juvenile delinquency?
According to control theory, what is the most likely outcome when an individual's connections to family, school, and community weaken?
According to control theory, what is the most likely outcome when an individual's connections to family, school, and community weaken?
How do conflict theories explain why certain acts, like insider trading among the wealthy, may be treated less harshly than street crimes committed by the poor?
How do conflict theories explain why certain acts, like insider trading among the wealthy, may be treated less harshly than street crimes committed by the poor?
What critical insight do conflict theories offer regarding the relationship between deviance and social change?
What critical insight do conflict theories offer regarding the relationship between deviance and social change?
Which of the following is the most accurate representation of how a 'worldview' influences our understanding of deviance?
Which of the following is the most accurate representation of how a 'worldview' influences our understanding of deviance?
How might the concept of hegemony explain the public's acceptance of surveillance technologies despite privacy concerns?
How might the concept of hegemony explain the public's acceptance of surveillance technologies despite privacy concerns?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principles of differential association in explaining why some individuals engage in cybercrime?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principles of differential association in explaining why some individuals engage in cybercrime?
How could control theory be applied to understand why a community with high rates of social mobility might also experience increased rates of certain types of deviance?
How could control theory be applied to understand why a community with high rates of social mobility might also experience increased rates of certain types of deviance?
How do conflict theorists view the role of media in shaping perceptions of deviance?
How do conflict theorists view the role of media in shaping perceptions of deviance?
How might a society's 'worldview' impact its definition and treatment of mental illness?
How might a society's 'worldview' impact its definition and treatment of mental illness?
Considering the concept of hegemony, how might corporations influence environmental regulations to their benefit, potentially leading to environmental degradation?
Considering the concept of hegemony, how might corporations influence environmental regulations to their benefit, potentially leading to environmental degradation?
How does the theory of differential association explain the transmission of hate speech and extremist ideologies online?
How does the theory of differential association explain the transmission of hate speech and extremist ideologies online?
In the context of control theory, what role do after-school programs and community centers play in preventing juvenile delinquency?
In the context of control theory, what role do after-school programs and community centers play in preventing juvenile delinquency?
How might conflict theory explain disparities in school discipline, where students from minority backgrounds are disproportionately suspended or expelled?
How might conflict theory explain disparities in school discipline, where students from minority backgrounds are disproportionately suspended or expelled?
How would a 'worldview' that emphasizes individualism influence the approach to addressing poverty and homelessness, compared to a 'worldview' that emphasizes collectivism?
How would a 'worldview' that emphasizes individualism influence the approach to addressing poverty and homelessness, compared to a 'worldview' that emphasizes collectivism?
In the context of corporate regulation, how might hegemony explain the limited enforcement of environmental protection laws against large corporations?
In the context of corporate regulation, how might hegemony explain the limited enforcement of environmental protection laws against large corporations?
How might the principles of differential association be applied to explain the development of criminal behavior among members of a street gang?
How might the principles of differential association be applied to explain the development of criminal behavior among members of a street gang?
According to control theory, what is the most effective strategy for preventing crime in a community with high rates of poverty and unemployment?
According to control theory, what is the most effective strategy for preventing crime in a community with high rates of poverty and unemployment?
Using a lens of conflict theory, analyze why laws targeting drug offenses may disproportionately affect marginalized communities despite similar rates of drug use across different social groups.
Using a lens of conflict theory, analyze why laws targeting drug offenses may disproportionately affect marginalized communities despite similar rates of drug use across different social groups.
Which concept describes the strength of social bonds and adherence to social norms?
Which concept describes the strength of social bonds and adherence to social norms?
What is a key characteristic of 'normative' behavior?
What is a key characteristic of 'normative' behavior?
Which term defines a state where there is a lack of social norms, leading to unpredictable and potentially deviant behavior?
Which term defines a state where there is a lack of social norms, leading to unpredictable and potentially deviant behavior?
According to functionalist theories, what is the relationship between 'anomie' and 'strain'?
According to functionalist theories, what is the relationship between 'anomie' and 'strain'?
What does 'strain theory' attempt to explain?
What does 'strain theory' attempt to explain?
Which of the following is NOT one of the adaptations to strain as described by strain theory?
Which of the following is NOT one of the adaptations to strain as described by strain theory?
What is the primary focus of the 'opportunity theory of deviance'?
What is the primary focus of the 'opportunity theory of deviance'?
In the context of functionalist theories, what is the role of deviance in society?
In the context of functionalist theories, what is the role of deviance in society?
How does 'innovation,' as an adaptation to strain, manifest itself?
How does 'innovation,' as an adaptation to strain, manifest itself?
What is the adaptation of 'ritualism' in strain theory?
What is the adaptation of 'ritualism' in strain theory?
How does 'retreatism' differ from 'rebellion' within strain theory?
How does 'retreatism' differ from 'rebellion' within strain theory?
In 'opportunity theory,' why might two individuals experiencing similar 'strain' engage in different forms of deviance?
In 'opportunity theory,' why might two individuals experiencing similar 'strain' engage in different forms of deviance?
According to functionalist perspectives, what happens when deviance leads to the questioning of societal norms?
According to functionalist perspectives, what happens when deviance leads to the questioning of societal norms?
How would 'opportunity theory' explain differing rates of petty theft versus organized crime in two similar impoverished communities?
How would 'opportunity theory' explain differing rates of petty theft versus organized crime in two similar impoverished communities?
From a functionalist perspective, why do societies develop systems of punishment for deviance?
From a functionalist perspective, why do societies develop systems of punishment for deviance?
How does strong social cohesion potentially reduce crime rates?
How does strong social cohesion potentially reduce crime rates?
How would functionalist theory explain the existence of victimless crimes, such as prostitution or drug use?
How would functionalist theory explain the existence of victimless crimes, such as prostitution or drug use?
Considering strain theory, which adaptation is most likely to involve both rejecting traditional societal goals and actively seeking to replace them?
Considering strain theory, which adaptation is most likely to involve both rejecting traditional societal goals and actively seeking to replace them?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'anomie' in a society?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'anomie' in a society?
What is the correct relationship between anomie and normative behavior?
What is the correct relationship between anomie and normative behavior?
How do community agreements primarily influence the definition of deviance?
How do community agreements primarily influence the definition of deviance?
What is the primary mechanism by which societies maintain the distinction between deviant and non-deviant behavior?
What is the primary mechanism by which societies maintain the distinction between deviant and non-deviant behavior?
How does the variation in importance of social norms affect societal responses to deviance?
How does the variation in importance of social norms affect societal responses to deviance?
What is the purpose of social control within a community?
What is the purpose of social control within a community?
What role do moral panics play in the exertion of social control?
What role do moral panics play in the exertion of social control?
Why is understanding the relationship between individuals and the larger social landscape critical when examining deviance?
Why is understanding the relationship between individuals and the larger social landscape critical when examining deviance?
How can changes in social norms impact the definition and perception of deviant behavior over time?
How can changes in social norms impact the definition and perception of deviant behavior over time?
In what way does the enforcement of social norms affect community dynamics?
In what way does the enforcement of social norms affect community dynamics?
How do moral panics typically influence legislative actions regarding deviance?
How do moral panics typically influence legislative actions regarding deviance?
What critical consideration is most often overlooked when focusing solely on individual behaviors as the cause of deviance?
What critical consideration is most often overlooked when focusing solely on individual behaviors as the cause of deviance?
How might the concept of 'social construction of deviance' affect what behaviors are criminalized versus medicalized within a society?
How might the concept of 'social construction of deviance' affect what behaviors are criminalized versus medicalized within a society?
What is the primary consequence of unequal enforcement of social norms across different social groups?
What is the primary consequence of unequal enforcement of social norms across different social groups?
How do shifts in social norms influence the application and interpretation of laws?
How do shifts in social norms influence the application and interpretation of laws?
What role do social institutions (e.g., schools, media) play in shaping perceptions of deviance?
What role do social institutions (e.g., schools, media) play in shaping perceptions of deviance?
How does the theory of social constructionism explain the variations in crime rates across different cultures?
How does the theory of social constructionism explain the variations in crime rates across different cultures?
Why is it important to consider how social policies might unintentionally reinforce deviant behavior?
Why is it important to consider how social policies might unintentionally reinforce deviant behavior?
How can addressing economic inequalities potentially reduce rates of deviance?
How can addressing economic inequalities potentially reduce rates of deviance?
How can promoting inclusivity and social integration affect a community's resilience to moral panics?
How can promoting inclusivity and social integration affect a community's resilience to moral panics?
Which approach would be most effective in fostering meaningful social agreements on deviance within a diverse community?
Which approach would be most effective in fostering meaningful social agreements on deviance within a diverse community?
What might be the long-term community-level consequences of using moral panics as a primary tool for social control?
What might be the long-term community-level consequences of using moral panics as a primary tool for social control?
Flashcards
U.S. Imprisonment Rate
U.S. Imprisonment Rate
The U.S. has the highest percentage of people incarcerated globally.
Incarceration Rate for African American Men
Incarceration Rate for African American Men
Approximately 60% of African American men born in the late 1960s will be incarcerated.
Effect of More Police
Effect of More Police
Increased police presence can reduce violence, but at a cost.
Slave Patrols
Slave Patrols
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Violence Trends
Violence Trends
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U.S. Homicide Rate
U.S. Homicide Rate
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Reasons for Violence in U.S.
Reasons for Violence in U.S.
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Factors Reducing Violence
Factors Reducing Violence
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Additional Factors in Violence Decline
Additional Factors in Violence Decline
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Homicide Rate
Homicide Rate
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Culture of Violence
Culture of Violence
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Relative Deprivation
Relative Deprivation
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Sociological Perspective on Crime
Sociological Perspective on Crime
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Murder Measurement
Murder Measurement
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Violence Networks
Violence Networks
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Ties and Violence
Ties and Violence
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Social Network
Social Network
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Social Bonds
Social Bonds
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CPTED
CPTED
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Broken Windows Theory
Broken Windows Theory
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Criminology
Criminology
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Crime
Crime
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Penal Code
Penal Code
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Violent Crime
Violent Crime
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Property Crime
Property Crime
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White-Collar Crime
White-Collar Crime
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Street Crime
Street Crime
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Criminal
Criminal
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Deviant Act
Deviant Act
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Functionalist Theories of Deviance
Functionalist Theories of Deviance
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Conflict Theories of Deviance
Conflict Theories of Deviance
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Positive Deviance
Positive Deviance
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Worldview
Worldview
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Hegemony
Hegemony
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Differential Association
Differential Association
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Control Theory
Control Theory
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Social Cohesion
Social Cohesion
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Normative
Normative
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Anomie
Anomie
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Strain
Strain
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Strain Theory
Strain Theory
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Opportunity Theory of Deviance
Opportunity Theory of Deviance
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Deviance
Deviance
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Social Control
Social Control
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Moral Panic
Moral Panic
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Social Norms
Social Norms
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Study Notes
- The U.S. has the highest imprisonment rate globally.
- Over 2 million Americans are incarcerated.
- Almost 5 million individuals are on probation or parole.
- Approximately 60% of African American men born in the late 1960s are likely to be imprisoned during their lifetime.
- Increased police presence can reduce violence, but it is expensive.
- Slave patrols represent the earliest form of law enforcement in the American South.
- Slave patrols illustrate historical instances where Black Americans' pursuit of freedom was labeled as criminal activity.
- Violence has fallen steadily over the last several centuries.
- Homicide and violent crime rates in the U.S. have been cut in half since the early 1990s.
- In 2018, there were 5 homicides per every 100,000 residents.
- The homicide rate in the U.S. is more than twice as high as in many developed nations, including Canada, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
- Three possible explanations for the high rate of violence in the U.S. are a historical culture of violence, the large number of guns, and the high level of inequality.
- Factors that played a role in reducing violence include the growth of police, improvements in policing tactics, the rise of incarceration, and the end of the crack epidemic.
- A decline in alcohol consumption and lead poisoning may also have played a role in reducing violence.
- Crime and violence from a sociological perspective considers how features of environments and societies can influence crime rates.
- Murder is the crime that is measured most precisely since it’s tracked by both police and health departments.
- A large part of all violent crime is committed by a small network of individuals.
- Individuals’ ties to other people and institutions greatly impacts their involvement with violence.
- Criminology is the study of crime and criminal behavior.
- A crime is an act that violates the penal code.
- The penal code consists of written laws that govern behavior in a particular jurisdiction.
- A criminal is a person who violates the penal code.
- Violent crimes include homicide, robbery, assault, and sexual assault, involving the use of physical force.
- Property crime is theft that doesn’t involve the use of direct physical force.
- Street crimes are violent and property crimes that are more common in public spaces and often involve the police.
- White-collar crimes include fraud, embezzlement, and other unethical acts or business practices typically not carried out on the street or in public spaces and don’t use physical force.
- White-collar crime can affect its victims, all employees of a firm, investors, and even the economy as a whole.
- In 2023, for the first time,
Homicide Rate
- Homicide rate refers to the number of homicides per 100,000 residents.
Culture of Violence
- The United States possesses a heritage where settlers historically used violence to safeguard their property and themselves.
- This history established a long-standing norm of violent behavior.
Relative Deprivation
- Relative deprivation involves the feeling of falling behind while others improve.
- Robert Merton argued that this feeling creates strain, which leads to crime.
Social Network
- Refers to a group of people linked together in a specific way.
Social Bonds
- Connections and attachments to people and institutions in mainstream society.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
- Aims to reduce crime through the design of buildings and physical space.
Broken Windows Theory
- Proposes that small signs of disorder lead to outbreaks of more serious crimes.
Theories of Deviance and Crime
- Multiple overlapping ways exist to explain a so-called deviant act.
- The usefulness of theories of deviance and crime varies depending upon the context, but all seek to understand deviance.
Functionalist Theories of Deviance
- Focus primarily on the social purposes of deviance.
- Seek to understand why people engage in deviance.
- Functionalist theories consider the potential social purposes that deviance serves.
Conflict Theories of Deviance
- Focus primarily upon power relations in society and how the powerful understand deviance in ways that benefit themselves.
- Seek to understand how norms, rules, and laws are created and shaped through processes of social, political, and economic power.
- Deviance can solve problems through innovation and is not always negative.
- Inquire about how rules and norms are shaped by power relations in society.
Worldview
- A set of shared values, beliefs, and understandings about how the world should be.
Hegemony
- A type of domination in which the powerful obtain the consent or support of the subordinated.
Differential Association
- The theory that deviance is learned through intimate personal contacts.
Control Theory
- Claims deviance arises from a weakening of social connections.
Social Cohesion
- Social cohesion refers to the degree to which people identify with and maintain social rules and connections.
Normative
- Normative behavior is accepted and expected behavior.
Anomie
- Anomie describes an asocial lack of morals and expectations for behavior that can lead to deviance.
Strain
- Strain is the stress that results from anomie.
Strain Theory
- Strain theory describes five adaptations to strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
Opportunity Theory of Deviance
- Opportunity theory explains that delinquency is a function of opportunity and access to delinquent behavior.
Deviance
- Determining what is deviant relies on social agreements between community members.
- Deviance is a relationship between individuals and larger social landscapes.
- Lines between deviant and non-deviant behavior are upheld through enforcement of social norms.
- Social norms vary in their degree of importance and the severity of punishments when violated.
- Societies enforce norms through social control.
- Moral panics are one way to exert social control.
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