Impulse Control & Substance Use Disorders
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT true of Antisocial Personality Disorder?

  • It often involves deceitful behavior
  • Individuals often display strong empathy (correct)
  • It is characterized by a disregard for others
  • The first symptom is usually a sudden violent outburst

    • Which of the following is true of OCD, compared to normal controls?

  • Normal inhibition of the substantia nigra
  • Decreased excitatory drive to the striatum
  • Increased excitatory drive to the striatum (correct)
  • Enhanced inhibition of the globus pallidus (correct)

    • What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Trichotillomania from other atypical impulse control disorders?

    Trichotillomania behaviors are self-focused, while the rest affect others as well.

    The successive steps of the behavioral therapy used to treat OCD are ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________.

    <p>Relabel, Reattribute, Refocus, Revalue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been shown to be the most effective and longest lasting therapy for OCD?

    <p>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is most prevalent in college-age populations?

    <p>Trichotillomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), what do the compulsions do?

    <p>Reduce the anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is absent/rarely found in hoarding disorder, compared to normal collecting?

    <p>Sense of pride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the most common obsessions in OCD is _____________, and one of the most common compulsions is ______________.

    <p>Contamination; washing and cleaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of Skin-picking Disorder?

    <p>Hallucinations about bugs under skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the obsessions lead to which of the following that drives the compulsive behavior?

    <p>Profound anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monica often finds herself pulling out her hair when she is studying or watching TV. What is she most likely diagnosed with?

    <p>Automatic trichotillomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disorder of compulsive hair pulling that results in hair loss is which of the following?

    <p>Trichotillomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habit reversal training is commonly used to treat which of the following disorders?

    <p>Excoriation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core distinction between OCD and psychopathy?

    <p>Psychopaths are not afraid of their thoughts but rather feel relief or excitement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason that compulsive hoarders have difficulty discarding items?

    <p>They fear that they might discard items that they will need in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acquiescence?

    <p>When a person stops keeping track of one's own behavior and gives in to the situation at hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between homeostasis and allostasis?

    <p>Homeostasis involves returning a system to a fixed set point, while allostasis involves returning to a moving set point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children who showed a high capacity to resist immediate temptation and choose delayed gratification while still preschoolers showed which of the following characteristics when young adults?

    <p>Overall better academic competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the DSM-V, which of the following criteria is/are related to Substance Use Disorder?

    <p>Social impairments, pharmacology, and risky use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For this course, which of the following is dependence with the little d ('d')?

    <p>Little 'd' describes a withdrawal syndrome which can be observed with any psychotropic drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one symptom is required for an individual to be diagnosed with addiction?

    <p>There is no single symptom that is required, you need at least 2+/11 criteria for Substance Use Disorder and addiction is usually considered having 6+/11.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of junk food advertisements and advertisements for being slim with diet regimens in the same evening of TV watching reflects a set up for which of the following self-regulation failures?

    <p>Conflicting standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one distinction that can be made between compulsive and impulsive behavior?

    <p>In compulsive disorder people tend to overestimate future consequences and in impulsive disorders people tend to underestimate future consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cravings are a symptom of addiction and mostly correspond to which type of self-regulation failure?

    <p>Renegade Attention/strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lack of clocks, and mirrors, and high noise level in a casino is best an example of which of the following self-regulation failures?

    <p>Monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An app that tells you how much time you spend on Facebook is designed to most directly address which aspect of self-regulation failure in internet addiction?

    <p>Monitoring failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An initial lapse that is quickly followed by a large scale indulgence is called which of the following?

    <p>Abstinence violation effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the TOTE system, the function of the sensor in the thermostat of your home heat system is equivalent to which of the following?

    <p>Monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Zeigarnik effect is which of the following?

    <p>Difficulty in interrupting a response sequence once it is started.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several studies were inspired by Walter Mischel's marshmallow study. What did they show?

    <p>The environment or situation can influence whether or not people act impulsively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Keeping parameters within the body stable but at a set point outside the normal range best describes which of the following?

    <p>Allostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As one moves along the continuum from an impulse control disorder to a compulsive disorder, one moves how in the reinforcement continuum?

    <p>From positive to negative reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically drives compulsive behaviors?

    <p>Stress/anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the drugs that have the highest rates of dependence among users?

    <p>Tobacco, heroin, cocaine, alcohol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following did NOT improve performance on the marshmallow test?

    <p>Giving the child a small taste of the marshmallow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescents incorrectly believing that vaping is normal is best an example of which of the following failures of self-regulation?

    <p>Standards- false consensus effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initiation of drinking sometimes happens because people associate moderate doses with positive mood and choose to use alcohol as a way to improve their emotional state on a bad day. This is an example of which type of self-regulation disorder?

    <p>Misregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes the concept of allostasis?

    <p>A new set point outside the normal range is established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major difference between impulsivity disorders and compulsivity disorders as defined in this course?

    <p>In impulsivity there is pleasure and gratification associated with performing repetitive acts; in compulsivity there is a reduction or prevention of anxiety or stress with repetitive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one symptom is required for an individual to be diagnosed with addiction?

    <p>None of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cognitive behavior therapy, which of the following is a particularly key aspect?

    <p>Learning to cope with high-risk situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapist's role in motivational enhancement therapy?

    <p>To promote self-evaluation and self-efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The negative emotional state that characterizes the withdrawal stage of the addiction cycle is hypothesized to be produced by which of the following?

    <p>Opioid peptides are decreased and CRF is increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) triggers the release of which of the following hormones from the anterior pituitary that helps in the fight or flight response?

    <p>ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the key to development of self-regulation in children for parents?

    <p>Consistency of rules and consistency of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common neuroadaptive changes that occur during the development of addiction?

    <p>Increase in dopamine activity, sensitization of drug-related learning, and decrease in functional dopamine activity during withdrawal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of a non-drug therapy for excessive behavior?

    <p>Motivational enhancement therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters has been hypothesized to be the most responsible for the arousal, increased attention, and incentive salience associated with many impulse control disorders?

    <p>Dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dr. O, what is the main function of the basal ganglia (corpus striatum, caudate nucleus-globus pallidus)?

    <p>Gating of information from the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    William James wrote, 'Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day.' He was referring to which of the following?

    <p>Strengthening your self-regulation muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As part of motivational enhancement therapy, the therapists do all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Does not allow the patient to make any of the decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incentive salience in drug addiction is most closely associated with what brain region(s):

    <p>The ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs of abuse have numerous different mechanisms of action, but most have effects that tend to converge on what brain structures?

    <p>Ventral Tegmental Area and Nucleus Accumbens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended method for improvement of self-control?

    <p>Meditation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A consistently increased level of stress experienced on a battlefield could result in which of the following?

    <p>Allostatic state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generation of rapid, internally motivated change using a framework of therapist empathy and facilitation of self-efficacy are key elements of which of the following treatments for atypical impulse control disorders?

    <p>Motivational enhancement therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been shown to be key to prevent self-regulation errors in young children?

    <p>Consistency of rules and consistency of reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neurotransmitter controls hormonal, autonomic and behavioral responses to stressors?

    <p>Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endogenous opioid peptide system in humans:

    <p>Can act as a natural analgesic system in response to injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters are hypothesized to be functionally increased or sensitized during the withdrawal/negative affect stage of the addiction cycle?

    <p>CRF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pyromania, fire setting is done for which of the following?

    <p>Because of arousal, fascination, and pleasure associated with the act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the narrative about Elmer, do you think he is a good example of kleptomania and why/why not?

    <p>No, Elmer was probably acting out of vengeance/anger/for profit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders are most frequently comorbid with atypical impulse control disorders?

    <p>Anxiety and mood disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of kleptomania and pyromania?

    <p>Tension is experienced before the act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of kleptomania?

    <p>The person does not need the stolen items for use or monetary value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the case about Lobsterman say about his relationship with the lobster he stole?

    <p>He did not like lobster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An exaggerated fight or flight response in people with intermittent explosive disorder is thought to result from:

    <p>Dysfunction of serotonin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is usually the primary driver of fire-setting behavior in pyromania?

    <p>Gratification/pleasure from starting or watching the fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiological evidence suggests that intermittent explosive disorder may be associated with which of the following?

    <p>Hyperactive (overly active) amygdala response to anger cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyromaniacs often experience euphoria or a high while:

    <p>Returning to the scene and observing the aftermath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An adult with repeated (but not premeditated) aggression toward people for >3 months associated with marked distress as a consequence of this behavior is classic of:

    <p>Intermittent explosive disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kleptomania is a possible variant of:

    <p>OCD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes a core characteristic of intermittent explosive disorder?

    <p>The recurrent outbursts are grossly out of proportion to the provocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following distinguishes arson from pyromania?

    <p>Arson involves setting fires for monetary gain or concealing crime or expressing anger; pyromania involves setting fires for pleasure or gratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In kleptomania, stealing with the goal of alleviating anxiety or depression is considered:

    <p>Misregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In kleptomania, objects that are stolen serve which of the following purposes?

    <p>No purpose; the objects are often not used or even returned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the diagnostic criteria for pyromania?

    <p>Occurs in response to a delusion or hallucination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of an atypical impulse control disorder?

    <p>An increasing sense of tension before committing an impulsive act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermittent explosive disorder is associated with hyperactivity in the _____ in response to anger stimuli?

    <p>Amygdala.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes the stealing associated with kleptomania?

    <p>Subject hoards or returns objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of de-individuation in compulsive eating?

    <p>Insensitivity to internal cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A comorbidity often associated with bulimia nervosa but not anorexia nervosa is ____________.

    <p>Impulsivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with psychopathy according to the Hare Psychopathy Checklist?

    <p>Low self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective way to de-escalate anger when one is silent seething?

    <p>Do high arousal activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predatory violence differs from affective violence in which way?

    <p>Predatory violence shows no autonomic arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarah regularly eats much more food than most people, she feels out of control and cannot stop until she is uncomfortably full. In order to diagnose her with __________ you would have to know ______________.

    <p>Bulimia Nervosa; if she engages in frequent compensatory behavior such as purging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can most likely release anger according to the catharsis view?

    <p>Continuously hit a punching bag.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines bulimia nervosa and distinguishes it from binge eating disorder?

    <p>High frequency of purging behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dieting causing binge eating and binge eating subsequently causing dieting is best an example of which of the following self-regulation failures?

    <p>Misregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychopaths (aggressive narcissistic with lack of remorse) according to Dr. O have which of the following prognoses?

    <p>There is no treatment for psychopathy and they should remain isolated from the general population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anger resemble a pressure cooker according to the hydraulic view?

    <p>Bottled up anger builds up pressure and leads to more anger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compulsive grazing is an example of:

    <p>Psychological inertia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An anxious individual is misregulating their anxiety by thinking about other anxiety-inducing distractors. Which of the following describes this phenomenon?

    <p>Psychological inertia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swelling around the jaw and excessive dental decay in an individual with a normal BMI is a telltale sign of which of the following impulse control disorder?

    <p>Bulimia Nervosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does psychopathy differ from legal insanity?

    <p>Psychopaths know the difference between right and wrong whereas legally insane individuals do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The picture of a beautiful model eating a 3000 calorie hamburger is best an example of which of the following self-regulation failures?

    <p>Conflicting standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of misregulation, specifically of abnormal standards, in psychopathy?

    <p>Forming relationships based on power and dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about psychopathy?

    <p>Crimes committed are always driven by impulsivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Emotional Expressivity Effect?

    <p>Expressed emotions are more likely to be experienced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Impulse Control Disorders Overview

    • Acquiescence: A state where an individual stops self-monitoring and conforms to situational pressures.
    • Homeostasis vs. Allostasis: Homeostasis aims to return to a fixed set point; allostasis adapts to changing conditions.
    • Delayed Gratification: Children with high impulse control demonstrate better academic performance as young adults.

    Substance Use Disorder Insights

    • DSM-V Criteria: Substance use disorder includes social impairments, pharmacological aspects, and risky behaviors.
    • Dependence: "Little d" indicates a withdrawal syndrome present with any psychotropic drug.
    • Addiction Diagnosis: At least 2 out of 11 criteria are needed for substance use disorder; addiction is generally recognized with 6 or more criteria.

    Impulse Control Failures

    • Conflicting Standards: Divergence in advertising for junk food and slim diets can create failures in self-regulation.
    • Compulsive vs. Impulsive Behavior: Compulsive behaviors involve overestimating consequences; impulsive behaviors often underestimate them.
    • Cravings: Indicative of addiction, cravings align with renegade attention failures.
    • Environmental Influence: Situational factors can heighten impulsivity, evidenced by studies on delayed gratification with inconsistent promises.

    Theories of Self-Regulation

    • Monitoring Failures: Lack of time indicators and distractions in environments (like casinos) complicate self-regulation efforts.
    • Allostasis: Refers to maintaining stability within the body but adjusting to a new set point.
    • Reinforcement: Transitioning from impulse control disorders to compulsive disorders moves from positive to negative reinforcement.

    Psychological Treatments

    • Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT): Focuses on coping strategies for high-risk situations.
    • Motivational Enhancement Therapy: Aims to boost self-evaluation and self-efficacy in individuals.
    • Self-Regulation in Children: Consistent parental rules and reinforcement are crucial for developing self-regulation skills.

    Neurotransmitter Roles

    • Dopamine: Linked to increased attention, motivation, and reward processing in impulse control disorders.
    • Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF): Regulates stress responses and is involved during withdrawal stages of addiction.

    Atypical Impulse Control Disorders

    • Kleptomania: Characterized by stealing without need or monetary gain; often driven by emotional states rather than financial incentive.
    • Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Marked by disproportionate outbursts of aggression; linked to hyperactivity in the amygdala.
    • Pyromania: Involves setting fires for pleasure or gratification, distinct from arson, which has ulterior motives.
    • Bulimia Nervosa: Identified by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors; characterized by an absence of pride in hoarding behaviors.

    Assessing Disorders

    • Emotional Dynamics: The emotional expressivity effect suggests that displayed emotions are likely to be felt internally.
    • Diagnostics in Compulsions: High frequency of purging behaviors in bulimia distinguishes it from binge eating disorder.

    Behaviors and Self-Regulation

    • Psychological Inertia: Misregulated anxiety can lead to a focus on anxiety-inducing distractions.
    • De-individuation: Seen in compulsive eating, leading to insensitivity to risk cues.

    Additional Concepts

    • Anger Management: Engaging in high-arousal activities can help de-escalate silent anger.
    • Hydraulic View of Anger: Suggests that bottled-up emotions can lead to increased anger, likened to pressure in a cooker.

    Comprehensive Characteristics

    • Trichotillomania: Characterized by self-focused behavior; different from other impulse disorders affecting external individuals.
    • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Often involves compulsive behaviors enacted to alleviate anxiety stemming from obsessions.### Trichotillomania and Related Disorders
    • Automatic trichotillomania involves a lack of strong urges prior to hair pulling, leading to significant hair loss, as seen in cases like Monica's.
    • Trichotillomania is characterized by compulsive hair pulling that results in noticeable hair loss in various areas of the scalp or body.

    Treatment Approaches

    • Habit reversal training is a therapeutic method used effectively for treating trichotillomania, excoriation (skin picking disorder), and Tourette's syndrome.

    Key Psychological Concepts

    • A major distinction between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and psychopathy is that psychopaths do not experience fear from their intrusive thoughts; instead, they often feel a sense of relief or excitement.

    Compulsive Hoarding Behavior

    • Compulsive hoarders often struggle to discard items due to a deep-seated fear of needing these items in the future, which contributes to their accumulation of possessions.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts of impulse control disorders and substance use disorders, highlighting their definitions, criteria, and implications. You will learn about important terms like delayed gratification, dependence, and the DSM-V criteria for addiction. Test your understanding of these psychological conditions and their impact on behavior.

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