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Questions and Answers
What was the primary means of survival for the Algonquian people?
What was the primary means of survival for the Algonquian people?
They survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering fruits.
How was the social structure of the Iroquois society organized?
How was the social structure of the Iroquois society organized?
Iroquois society was matriarchal, with women/mothers in control.
What type of dwelling did the Algonquian people use?
What type of dwelling did the Algonquian people use?
They lived in wigwams.
What were the 'Three Sisters' that the Iroquois practiced farming?
What were the 'Three Sisters' that the Iroquois practiced farming?
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What characterized the way of life of the Inuit people?
What characterized the way of life of the Inuit people?
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Describe the political decision-making process in Iroquois society.
Describe the political decision-making process in Iroquois society.
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In what type of geographical region did the Iroquois primarily settle?
In what type of geographical region did the Iroquois primarily settle?
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What was the role of the band chief in Algonquian society?
What was the role of the band chief in Algonquian society?
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What discovery did John Cabot make in 1497?
What discovery did John Cabot make in 1497?
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What types of housing did the First Occupants construct for their communities?
What types of housing did the First Occupants construct for their communities?
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What were two goals of Jacques Cartier's voyages?
What were two goals of Jacques Cartier's voyages?
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What was the main economic policy guiding New France's economy?
What was the main economic policy guiding New France's economy?
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How did the roles of men differ between Iroquoian and Algonquian societies?
How did the roles of men differ between Iroquoian and Algonquian societies?
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How did the fur trading companies affect the population of New France in the 17th century?
How did the fur trading companies affect the population of New France in the 17th century?
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What did Iroquoian women primarily contribute to their society?
What did Iroquoian women primarily contribute to their society?
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What role did the Catholic Church play in New France?
What role did the Catholic Church play in New France?
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What was the significance of gift-giving among the First Occupants?
What was the significance of gift-giving among the First Occupants?
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Why did Europeans begin exploring new routes to Asia in the 15th century?
Why did Europeans begin exploring new routes to Asia in the 15th century?
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What demographic consequence did European contact have on Aboriginal populations?
What demographic consequence did European contact have on Aboriginal populations?
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What cultural impact did the Europeans have on Aboriginals?
What cultural impact did the Europeans have on Aboriginals?
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What was the role of Elders in the culture of the First Occupants?
What was the role of Elders in the culture of the First Occupants?
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What agricultural activities were Iroquoian women responsible for?
What agricultural activities were Iroquoian women responsible for?
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What territorial consequence did Aboriginals face due to European settlement?
What territorial consequence did Aboriginals face due to European settlement?
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What was the Iroquois Confederacy?
What was the Iroquois Confederacy?
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Study Notes
Important Terms to Know (HQC 304)
- Economic: Relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
- Cultural: Relating to the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.
- Political: Relating to the government or the public affairs of a state or other organized community.
- Social: Relating to human society and its members.
- Cause: A factor that produces an effect; a reason.
- Consequence: A result or effect.
- Way of Life: The typical patterns of behaviour, values, and attitudes of a group of people.
- Physiographic region: A region characterized by its physical features, including landforms, climate, and vegetation.
- Dwelling: A house or dwelling place.
- Linguistic group: Groups of people who speak similar languages.
- Subsistence Activity: Activities people engage in to meet their basic needs.
- Demographic: Relating to the statistical study of human populations.
Bering Strait Theory
- In 30,000 BCE, the first occupants crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia to North America.
- In 15,000 BCE, the ice melted, creating a corridor, allowing access to the North American interior.
- By 12,000 BCE, these groups reached and settled in Quebec.
Algonquian Way of Life
- Way of life: Nomadic, following game, hunting, fishing, and gathering.
- Social: Patriarchal society; men/fathers in control.
- Dwellings: Wigwams.
- Political: Band chief's power based on hunting skills, courage, etc.
Iroquois Way of Life
- Way of life: Sedentary; permanent settlements.
- Social: Matriarchal society; women/mothers in control.
- Dwellings: Longhouses.
- Political: Village council, made up of men appointed by clan mothers.
Inuit Way of Life
- Way of life: Nomadic; following game.
- Social: Patriarchal society; men/fathers in control.
- Dwellings: Igloos in winter, tents in summer.
- Other: Used parkas and dogsleds.
- Physiographic Region: Inuit — Arctic; very harsh frozen areas of northern Quebec and Canada
- Physiographic Region: Algonquins — Canadian Shield and Appalachians
Roles of Men and Women in Iroquois and Algonquian Societies
- Iroquois men: Hunted, fished, built longhouses, traded, defended the community.
- Iroquois women: Gathered, practiced agriculture, took care of children, cooked.
- Algonquian men: Fished, hunted, traded, made canoes/snowshoes.
- Algonquian women: Domestic work, cooked, prepared furs, took care of children.
Passing of Knowledge
- First occupants had no writing system.
- Elders recounted myths and history to their tribesmen.
Gift-Giving
- Reciprocity is part of the circle of life.
- It was a voluntary, honourable act, and also part of commercial and military (warfare) relations.
Alliances and Rivalries
- Alliances: Partnerships between groups.
- Rivalries: Enemies groups.
Reasons for European Explorations
- In 1453, the Turks took over Constantinople, blocking the traditional trade route to Asia.
- Europeans therefore sought new routes to Asia, leading to the exploration of the Americas.
Cod Fisheries off the Coast of Newfoundland
- In 1497, John Cabot discovered the "Great Fishing Banks."
- European fishing and whaling quickly became important economic activities.
Voyages of Jacques Cartier
- Goals: Establish a colonial empire, find a western route to Asia, discover precious metals, and evangelize indigenous peoples.
Economy Policy - Mercantilism
- Mercantilism was an economic policy in which a colony (New France) provided raw materials to the mother country (France).
The Seigneurial System
- A method of dividing land in an organized way.
- The land provided food and aimed to populate New France.
- Long narrow strips of land perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River.
The Fur Trade
- The King granted a company a monopoly over the fur trade, and the Company of 100 Associates.
- Indigenous peoples hunted for fur and traded it with the French.
- The French transported the furs to France to make fur products.
Review Questions (Chapter 1)
- Physiographic regions: Impact on various aspects of first occupant's societies.
- Maliseet and Mi'kmaq: Reasons for regular movement and choosing waterway camps.
- Iroquois: Connection between sedentary lifestyle and agriculture-based subsistence.
- Chiefs' leadership: Relationship with the decision-making process of First Nations.
- Indigenous knowledge transmission: Methods and importance in the 16th century.
Review Questions (Chapter 2)
- Mercantilism: Economic role of a colony.
- Colony development: Mandate, obligations, and privileges.
- Huron-Wendat Alliance: Reasons for the alliance.
- Company of One Hundred Associates: Obligations and benefits.
- Social organization (1627): Model and its features.
Review Questions (Chapters 1 & 2)
- Trade communication channels: two main communication types used by Indigenous for trade.
- Conflicts between alliances: three examples of diverging interest reasons for conflicts.
- Prisoners role in Indigenous wars: social role of prisoners during Indigenous wars.
- French objectives in organizing expeditions: specific objectives for organising 16th-century exploration expeditions.
- Innu alliance: What permission and concerns the Innu had.
- First contacts between Indigenous peoples and Europeans: understanding of first contacts from an excerpt.
- Jacques Cartier's voyages (1534, 1541): missions and outcomes of voyages based on excerpts.
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Description
Explore key terms that shape our understanding of human societies. This quiz covers concepts related to economics, culture, politics, and social structures. Test your knowledge and gain insights into the fundamental aspects that influence our way of life.
