Questions and Answers
What is the approximate range of water percentage in the human body?
45-70%
What is the main role of water in the human body?
Transporting materials to and from cells
According to the Watson formula for males, which factor does not affect the calculation of total body water?
Hair color
What is one of the potential harms of drinking excessive amounts of water?
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Which type of fluid holds around 55% of the total water in the human body?
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What is the purpose of dividing total body water by weight to estimate body water percentage?
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What is the main function of water in the body?
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Which component accounts for 15% of the extracellular remaining 45%?
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What is the role of electrons in chemical bonding?
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In a polar bond, what happens to the negative charge?
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Why is water necessary as a solvent for biochemical reactions in the body?
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What are the two main functions of water highlighted in the text?
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Study Notes
Importance of Water
- Water is one of the most important substances on Earth, making up 45%-70% of our bodies.
- The percentage of water in the body can vary depending on age, sex, and hydration levels.
Role of Water in the Body
- Water plays a crucial role in transporting materials to and from cells.
- Many aqueous solutions participate in biochemical reactions in the body.
- Water exists throughout the body and is essential for various bodily functions.
Calculating Body Water Percentage
- The Watson formula can be used to calculate total body water (TBW) in liters.
- For males: 2.447 – (0.09156 x age) + (0.1074 x height in centimeters) + (0.3362 x weight in kilograms) = TBW in liters.
- For females: –2.097 + (0.1069 x height in centimeters) + (0.2466 x weight in kilograms) = TBW in liters.
- The percentage of body water can be calculated by dividing TBW by weight (assuming 1 liter equals 1 kilogram).
Fundamentals of Water
- Water accounts for 60-95% of our living cells, with 55% of the water in the human body being intracellular fluid.
- The remaining 45% is divided between plasma (8%), interstitial and lymph (22%), connective tissue, cartilage, and bone (15%).
Properties and Functions of Water
- Water acts as a transport medium across membranes, carrying substances into and out of cells.
- Water helps maintain the temperature of the body.
- Water acts as a solvent, carrying dissolved chemicals in the digestive and waste excretion systems.
- Water is a principal component of most cells, and its geometry and solvent properties play major roles in determining the properties of living systems.
Chemical Bonding in Water
- A water molecule is formed when two hydrogens and an oxygen share electrons via covalent bonds.
- The geometry of the water molecule and its properties as a solvent play major roles in determining the properties of living systems.
- Electronegativities of oxygen and nitrogen are higher than those of carbon and hydrogen, which affects chemical bonding.
Polar Bonds
- Polar bonds are formed when atoms with differing electronegativity share bonding electrons unequally.
- The unequal sharing of electrons results in a more negative charge closer to one of the atoms.
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