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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not a use of water mentioned in the provided content?
Which of the following is not a use of water mentioned in the provided content?
What is one unique property of water when it freezes?
What is one unique property of water when it freezes?
Which of the following statements about pure water is true?
Which of the following statements about pure water is true?
What does the hydrologic cycle describe?
What does the hydrologic cycle describe?
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What is the composition of pure water?
What is the composition of pure water?
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What does hydrology primarily study?
What does hydrology primarily study?
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Which of the following is NOT a key importance of hydrology in civil engineering?
Which of the following is NOT a key importance of hydrology in civil engineering?
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What is the primary characteristic of consumptive water use?
What is the primary characteristic of consumptive water use?
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Under the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, which type of water usage is characterized by domestic activities?
Under the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, which type of water usage is characterized by domestic activities?
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What percentage of the earth's surface is covered by water?
What percentage of the earth's surface is covered by water?
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Which of the following uses of water is classified as non-consumptive?
Which of the following uses of water is classified as non-consumptive?
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Which of the following roles is involved in environmental issues related to hydrology?
Which of the following roles is involved in environmental issues related to hydrology?
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What is the estimated basic household water requirement per person per day?
What is the estimated basic household water requirement per person per day?
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What is the main factor that alters the water cycle due to human activities?
What is the main factor that alters the water cycle due to human activities?
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Which hydrological process involves water changing from vapor to liquid?
Which hydrological process involves water changing from vapor to liquid?
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What percentage of the population in the Philippines has access to potable water?
What percentage of the population in the Philippines has access to potable water?
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How much average annual rainfall does Manila receive?
How much average annual rainfall does Manila receive?
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What is the ultimate driver of the water cycle?
What is the ultimate driver of the water cycle?
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What defines fresh water?
What defines fresh water?
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Which of the following best describes polluted water?
Which of the following best describes polluted water?
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Which statement accurately describes gray water?
Which statement accurately describes gray water?
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What is leachate?
What is leachate?
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How is groundwater formed?
How is groundwater formed?
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What is the process called when rainwater flows over the surface of the ground because the soil's absorption capacity has been exceeded?
What is the process called when rainwater flows over the surface of the ground because the soil's absorption capacity has been exceeded?
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Which of the following explains the movement of water in the atmosphere?
Which of the following explains the movement of water in the atmosphere?
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What percentage of water is utilized by the agricultural sector?
What percentage of water is utilized by the agricultural sector?
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What is the term for water suitable for drinking and cooking purposes?
What is the term for water suitable for drinking and cooking purposes?
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Which physical process describes a solid becoming a liquid?
Which physical process describes a solid becoming a liquid?
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Which of the following describes groundwater flow?
Which of the following describes groundwater flow?
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What is raw water?
What is raw water?
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What process involves the evaporation of water from plant leaves?
What process involves the evaporation of water from plant leaves?
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Study Notes
Hydrology
- The science of water that studies its origin, distribution, and properties.
- Crucial for civil engineering disciplines, influencing flood control, water supply, and hydropower.
Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering
- Flood and Drought Control: Understanding water flow patterns helps design infrastructure for flood mitigation and drought management.
- Water Supply: Crucial for managing and distributing potable water resources to communities.
- Hydroelectric Power Production: Determining water flow and potential for hydroelectric dams.
- Water Quality Control: Examining factors impacting water quality and developing solutions for pollution.
- Irrigation Engineering: Designing irrigation systems for efficient agricultural water use.
- Structural Issues: Water's impact on soil stability and foundation design.
- Transportation Issues: Analyzing water flow and its impact on transportation infrastructure (e.g., bridges).
- Geotechnical Issues: Assessing soil conditions and their interaction with water for construction projects.
- Environmental Issues: Understanding the role of water in ecosystems and its vulnerability to pollution.
Water
- Most abundant substance on Earth, covering over 70% of the surface.
- Universal solvent, capable of dissolving various solids and gases.
- Exists in three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
- Expands by 9% when frozen.
- Lighter than air, rising as vapor into the atmosphere.
- Floats in liquid form as ice.
- Composition: 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
Pure Water
- Obtained through distillation or chemical processes.
- Naturally occurring rainwater contains dissolved chemicals from the atmosphere.
- Tasteless, odorless, and colorless.
Categories of Fresh Water Uses
- Consumptive Water Use: Water removed from supplies and not returned (e.g., manufacturing, agriculture, food).
- Non-Consumptive Water Use: Water used and returned to a water resource system (e.g., treated wastewater).
Uses of Water under RA 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act)
- Domestic: Drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, gardening, and watering animals; 40 liters per person per day is a basic requirement.
- Municipal: Water supply for communities.
- Irrigation: Producing agricultural crops.
- Power Generation: Generating electrical or mechanical power.
- Fisheries: Raising fish for commercial purposes.
- Livestock Raising: Raising animals for commercial purposes.
- Industrial: Factories, plants, and mines; includes water used as an ingredient in products.
- Recreational: Swimming pools, bathhouses, golf courses, resorts.
- Health and Sanitation: Hospitals and health facilities.
Hydrologic Cycle
- Natural water circulation above and below the Earth's surface.
- Driven by solar energy.
- Evaporation: Water changes from liquid to gas.
- Condensation: Water vapor changes to liquid.
- Precipitation: Water falls from clouds (rain, snow, hail).
- Infiltration: Water seeps into the soil.
- Runoff: Water flows over the surface when infiltration capacity is exceeded.
- Evapo-transpiration: Water evaporates from plant leaves.
- Melting: Solid water (ice) changes to liquid.
- Groundwater Flow: Water flows underground due to gravity.
- Advection: Water movement through the atmosphere.
Factors Altering the Water Cycle
- Man-Made Activities: Agriculture and industrial activities.
- Deforestation and Forestation: Impacts on water runoff and evaporation.
- Construction of Dams: Regulates water flow and storage.
- Effects of Urbanization: Increased runoff and altered water patterns.
- Climate Change: Impacts precipitation, evaporation, and overall water cycle dynamics.
Philippine Water Basics
- Lakes: 221 lakes.
- River Basins: 421 river basins.
- Average Annual Rainfall: 2,400 mm.
- Water Availability: 90% of the land area.
- Potable Water Access: 96% of the population.
- Basic Water Services Access: 91% of the population.
Three Major Water User Groups
- Agriculture: 86% of water use.
- Commerce and Industry: 8% of water use.
- Domestic: 6% of water use.
Definitions
- Bottled Water: Sealed container of water for human consumption.
- Potable Water: Safe and suitable for drinking and cooking.
- Raw Water: Untreated surface or groundwater.
- Fresh Water: Less than 500 ppm dissolved salt.
- Surface Water: Open to the atmosphere, subject to runoff.
- Wastewater: Liquid waste containing pollutants.
- Groundwater: Water below the water table.
- Leachate: Contaminated water from disposal sites.
- Hard Water: Water with high mineral content (calcium, magnesium).
- Polluted Water: Water containing impurities making it unsuitable for use.
- Black Water: Water from toilets and urinals.
- Gray Water: Water from sinks, showers, laundry.
- Storm Water: Runoff from rooftops.
### Classification of Water Sources
- Rain or Atmospheric Water: Most common form of precipitation.
- Surface Water: Mixture of runoff and groundwater.
- Groundwater: Water infiltrated into the ground.
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Description
Explore the critical role of hydrology in civil engineering. This quiz examines how understanding water movement affects flood control, water supply management, and hydroelectric power production. Learn about the implications of water quality, irrigation systems, and the impact on infrastructure design.
