hunger hardship and popular revolt

Study Notes

Economic exploitation: Colonial powers extracted resources, imposed heavy taxes, and disrupted local economies, leading to poverty and hunger.
Disruption of traditional food systems: Colonizers introduced new crops, altered agricultural practices, and seized control of land, resulting in food insecurity and dependence on imported goods.
Social and cultural changes: Colonization led to the erasure of indigenous cultures, forced assimilation, and the breakdown of traditional social structures, exacerbating hardship.

Causes: Natural disasters, crop failures, wars, and colonial policies (e.g., forced agriculture, land seizures) contributed to famines.
Consequences: Widespread starvation, disease, and death; social and economic disruption; and increased poverty and hardship.
Examples:
- Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852): Caused by potato crop failure and exacerbated by British colonial policies.
- Indian Famines (18th-19th centuries): Resulted from colonial policies, droughts, and crop failures.

Causes: Hunger, hardship, and exploitation by colonial powers and local elites led to widespread discontent among peasants.
Characteristics: Peasant uprisings were often spontaneous, localized, and driven by economic necessity; they involved protests, riots, and violence against colonial authorities and local elites.
Examples:
- Indian Rebellion of 1857: Peasant uprising against British colonial rule, sparked by the introduction of the Enfield rifle and other grievances.
- Mexican Revolution (1910-1920): Peasant uprising led by Emiliano Zapata, driven by demands for land reform and an end to colonial-era hacienda system.

Colonial powers exploited colonies economically, extracting resources, imposing heavy taxes, and disrupting local economies, leading to widespread poverty and hunger.
Colonizers introduced new crops, altered agricultural practices, and seized control of land, resulting in food insecurity and dependence on imported goods.
Colonialism led to the erasure of indigenous cultures, forced assimilation, and the breakdown of traditional social structures, exacerbating hardship.

Natural disasters, crop failures, wars, and colonial policies (e.g., forced agriculture, land seizures) contributed to the occurrence of famines.
Famines led to widespread starvation, disease, and death, as well as social and economic disruption, and increased poverty and hardship.
The Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) was caused by potato crop failure and exacerbated by British colonial policies.
Indian Famines (18th-19th centuries) resulted from colonial policies, droughts, and crop failures.

Hunger, hardship, and exploitation by colonial powers and local elites led to widespread discontent among peasants, sparking uprisings.
Peasant uprisings were characterized by spontaneous, localized protests, riots, and violence against colonial authorities and local elites, driven by economic necessity.
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a peasant uprising against British colonial rule, sparked by the introduction of the Enfield rifle and other grievances.
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) was a peasant uprising led by Emiliano Zapata, driven by demands for land reform and an end to the colonial-era hacienda system.