Impact of the War on Poverty and Racial Wealth Gap
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Questions and Answers

What impact did the War on Poverty have on the racial wealth gap between 1960 and 1980?

  • It eliminated the racial wealth gap entirely.
  • It had no measurable impact on the racial wealth gap.
  • It increased the racial wealth gap significantly.
  • It decreased the racial wealth gap from 25 times to 10 times. (correct)

Which group had a higher rate of home ownership according to the data?

  • White individuals had a higher rate of home ownership at 73%. (correct)
  • Home ownership rates were not reported.
  • Both groups had equal home ownership rates.
  • Non-white individuals had a higher rate of home ownership at 47%.

What was a significant factor contributing to the rise in incarceration rates in the United States during the 1980s?

  • Increased violent crime rates led to more arrests.
  • The war on non-violent drug offenses. (correct)
  • Tougher immigration laws increased incarceration.
  • The implementation of community service programs.

Which statement about racial treatment in drug prosecutions is correct?

<p>Similar drug cases often receive disparate racial treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the racial income gap from the data provided?

<p>The income gap has decreased to 1.5-2 times the difference currently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of UNF students identified as Liberal in terms of social issues?

<p>46% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of UNF students that support affordable college tuition?

<p>63% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the political identification of UNF students?

<p>Majority identify as Democratic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do most UNF students feel about the legalization of marijuana?

<p>65% support legalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opinion of UNF students regarding affirmative action?

<p>43% support affirmative action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of UNF students agree that climate change is real and caused by humans?

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do a majority of UNF students think about increasing the federal minimum wage?

<p>68% support it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are 'moderates' often characterized according to the content?

<p>They are often seen as 'confused extremists'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'One-drop Rule' in relation to racial identity?

<p>It states that having any non-white ancestry means a person is not considered white. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the end of Reconstruction for newly freed slaves?

<p>They continued to face extreme poverty without land or resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'de facto' racism as discussed in the context?

<p>Racism that occurs even in the absence of legal discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a tool used to propagate racism in society?

<p>Economic policies providing equal opportunities for all. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of sharecropping on freed slaves after the Civil War?

<p>It led to a cycle of poverty and debt similar to slavery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does redlining refer to in the context of housing discrimination?

<p>A systematic denial of housing-related opportunities based on race. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the sources of racism benefit early elites in society?

<p>By creating economic advantages through slavery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological basis for the concept of 'ingroup-outgroup' distinction?

<p>It is driven by an innate human need for social acceptance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ballot became common only after the Civil War?

<p>Secret ballot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment allowed for direct election of U.S. senators?

<p>17th Amendment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a primary election?

<p>Determines who will run in the general election (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to low voter turnout in the U.S.?

<p>Electoral college structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'invisible primary'?

<p>A phase where early endorsements are made by party elites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a reason for low voter turnout in the U.S.?

<p>High voter education rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about midterm elections is true?

<p>They take place between presidential elections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rational choice theory help explain about voting behavior?

<p>Voters often weigh the benefits versus costs of voting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which founding figure expressed reservations about the negative influence of political parties?

<p>George Washington (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern of Madison regarding factions?

<p>Their potential for tyranny (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political party was formed by Alexander Hamilton?

<p>Federalists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles did Jefferson emphasize regarding political parties?

<p>They should be avoided for political harmony. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did political parties quickly assume in the early political landscape of the U.S.?

<p>They dominated political discourse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects Hamilton's view on political parties?

<p>They can lead to irrational and intolerant behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of political parties in the context of democratic governance?

<p>To facilitate organized political action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the origin of the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?

<p>They emerged out of a power struggle between different factions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which founding figure's views are best summarized by the phrase, 'If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all'?

<p>Thomas Jefferson (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the early concerns surrounding political parties reveal about their perceived role in government?

<p>They were feared as disruptive forces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main issues supported by the Federalists during the First Party System?

<p>Support for national bank (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which party was primarily associated with agrarian interests during the Second Party System?

<p>Democrats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Third Party System, which demographic did the Republicans primarily represent?

<p>Businessmen and laborers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Fourth Party System?

<p>Republicans dominated with a focus on big business (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue was a major platform for the Southern Democrats during the Fifth Party System?

<p>Pro-segregation stance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Duverger's Law suggest about party systems?

<p>A two-party system results from winner-take-all voting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Sixth Party System, which group primarily makes up the Republican demographic?

<p>Middle/upper class conservatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which player was associated with the Whigs during the Second Party System?

<p>Henry Clay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic was primarily represented by Northern Democrats in the Fifth Party System?

<p>Progressives and minorities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key issue for the Democrats during the Fourth Party System?

<p>Pro-union initiatives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ideology in Voting

People's voting decisions are not usually based on strong ideological beliefs.

UNF Student Politics

UNF students tend to be more liberal on social issues and moderate on economic issues.

Moderate Views

People who claim to be 'moderate' often hold conflicting views on different issues, making their ideology inconsistent.

Symbolic Moderates

People who identify as 'moderate' may not necessarily align with moderate views on specific policies.

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Social Liberalism at UNF

UNF students overwhelmingly support liberal positions on social issues like abortion, immigration, gun control, and LGBTQ rights.

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Economic Moderation at UNF

UNF students tend to have more mixed views on economic issues, often adopting moderate stances.

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Government Services at UNF

UNF students show high support for government services and programs.

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UNF on Climate Change

UNF students overwhelmingly believe in climate change and its anthropogenic nature.

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Racial Wealth Gap

The significant difference in wealth accumulation between racial groups, highlighting a systemic disparity.

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Impact of War on Poverty

The War on Poverty (1960s) initially reduced the racial wealth gap, but since 1980, the gap has remained stagnant.

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Mass Incarceration in the US

The US has a significantly higher incarceration rate, particularly affecting Black men, than any other developed country.

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New Jim Crow

A term used to describe the disproportionate impact of mass incarceration on Black communities, creating systemic disadvantages similar to segregation.

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Disparate Treatment of Drug Crimes

Similar drug offenses are often treated differently based on race, with black communities disproportionately targeted.

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Australian Ballot

A type of ballot that is comprehensive, government-provided, and secret. It became common after the Civil War.

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Choosing POTUS Electors

The process by which states determine their slate of Electoral College voters. By 1880, all states chose electors through popular vote.

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Choosing Senators

The 17th Amendment (1913) changed the process of selecting US Senators. Before, they were chosen by state legislatures. After, they are chosen by popular vote in each state.

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Invisible Primary

The period before official primaries where party elites attempt to influence outcomes using money and endorsements based on early performance.

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Primary Election

Elections where political parties nominate candidates for the general election. Each state has different rules about who can participate.

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General Election

The main election held in a specific year (i.e., 2022) that determines who will hold elected office. The winner is the one who gets the most votes.

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Midterm Election

Elections held between presidential election years. Turnout is generally lower than in general elections.

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Rational Choice Theory

A theory explaining voter behavior, suggesting that voters make decisions based on their self-interest, weighing the costs and benefits of voting.

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De Facto Racism

Racism practiced outside the law, or law that uses proxies to discriminate.

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One-Drop Rule

Any trace of African ancestry deemed to make a person 'black', regardless of appearance.

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How is Racism Psychological?

Humans are deeply moral and naturally social, but this can lead to in-group/out-group bias, often based on assumed characteristics.

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Why is Racism Institutional?

Early elites used racism for power and profit. Tools like science, religion, and media were used to justify and perpetuate racism.

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End of Slavery, Not the End of Problems

After the Civil War, freed slaves faced numerous challenges due to the end of Reconstruction, including limited opportunities and unfair practices.

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Black Codes

Laws passed after the Civil War that restricted the freedom of former slaves. Some of these codes were designed to lock people up for minor offenses.

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Sharecropping

A system of farming where former slaves worked land owned by white landowners, but often ended up in debt.

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Redlining

The systematic denial of housing, loans, and services to people of color in certain neighborhoods.

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Political Parties

Organized groups that seek to influence government by electing their members to office. They provide structure, mobilize voters, and offer policy alternatives.

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Founders' View on Parties

The Founding Fathers viewed political parties with suspicion, believing them to be divisive and potentially harmful to the republic. They advocated for individual participation and debated on issues rather than forming organized groups.

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Federalist Party

An early American political party, founded by Alexander Hamilton, that advocated for a strong central government, a national bank, and a pro-business agenda.

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Democratic-Republican Party

An early American political party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, that championed states' rights, agrarianism, and a focus on individual liberties.

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Why Political Parties Emerged

Despite initial skepticism, political parties quickly emerged in the United States due to the need for organization, coordination, and common platforms to address issues in government and society.

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Faction (Madison's View)

James Madison, despite not fully anticipating political parties, recognized the potential for groups to pursue their interests within a system, possibly causing instability.

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Washington's Warning

George Washington, in his Farewell Address, cautioned against the divisive nature of political parties, warning of their potential to undermine unity and national harmony.

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Hamilton's Views on Parties

Alexander Hamilton, a key figure in the Federalist party, expressed skepticism toward the divisive nature of political parties, believing they would lead to intolerance and hinder progress.

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Jefferson's Views on Parties

Thomas Jefferson, leading the Democratic Republican Party, while recognizing the need for organization, expressed his dislike for the rigid categorization and limitations party affiliation imposed on individuals.

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Parties' Importance to the System

Despite the founders' initial reluctance, political parties have become an integral part of the American political system, providing a framework for structuring debate, coordinating policy, and mobilizing voters.

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Federalists

Early American political party favoring a strong national government, supporting a national bank and urban interests like merchants and bankers. Key figures: Adams, Hamilton.

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Democratic-Republicans

Early American political party favoring a weaker national government, supporting local control and agrarian interests like farmers and workers. Key figures: Jefferson, Madison.

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Whigs

Political party during the Second Party System (1824-1854). Supported economic modernization, favoring urban interests like merchants and bankers. Key figures: JQ Adams, Clay.

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Democrats (Jacksonian)

Political party during the Second Party System (1824-1854). Favored agrarian interests, supporting farmers, workers, and slavery. Key figures: Jackson, Van Buren.

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Republicans

Political party during the Third Party System (1854-1896). Primarily Northern and urban, favoring big business and industrial development. Key figures: Lincoln, Grant, McKinley.

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Democrats (Third Party)

Political party during the Third Party System (1854-1896). Primarily Southern and agrarian, opposing big business and favoring farmers and workers. Key figures: Cleveland, Bryan.

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Duverger's Law

Explains why winner-take-all systems (like the US presidential election) typically result in a two-party system. Multiparty systems are unlikely due to the 'winner takes all' structure.

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What is the 'Flip'?

A significant shift in party alignments during the 20th century. Southern states traditionally Democratic switched to Republican due to racial tensions and social issues. The North became more Democratic.

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Conservative vs. Liberal in Modern US Politics

Conservatives generally favor limited government intervention, individual responsibility, and traditional values. Liberals generally favor social progress, government intervention to address inequality, and expanding social services.

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How has the rise of the Republican Party impacted the Democratic Party?

Republican dominance during the 20th century has driven a shift in the Democratic party towards a more focused coalition built on working-class, minority, and urban interests, often leading to policy stances focused on social justice and economic equality.

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Study Notes

Lecture Summaries

  • 10/14 - Lecture 12 Political Parties: Political parties were missed or underestimated by the Founders. Madison considered them "factions," while Washington warned about their "baneful effects." Hamilton and Jefferson had contrasting opinions on the role of parties. Parties matter almost immediately with the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans emerging. Parties allow legislators to form coalitions in government.

  • 10/16 - Lecture 13 Polarization: Ideological differences have become more extreme in recent times, though studies show less evidence of mass polarization than elite polarization. Polarization appears linked to coalitional or identity-based disagreements.

  • 10/23 - Lecture 14 Political Psychology: Ideology comprises values and principles that inform desired political outcomes. There are different ideological types (for example: Liberal or Conservative). The common ideological labels are:

    • Liberals/leftists (bottom-left)
    • Conservatives (upper-right)
    • Populists (upper-left)
    • Libertarians (bottom right)

  • 10/21 - Lecture 15 The Media, Old and New: Classic media includes major networks (ABC/CBS/NBC), major papers (NYT; WaPo; WSJ), while partisan media includes cable networks (MSNBC/CNN/FOX), radio (NPR; right talk), and online media. Media outlets often have financial incentives that can influence their content, though some seek to be partisan, a key fact to consider is journalists often lean left and editors/owners are more likely to lean right. Most people don't primarily get political news from partisan media, it's often other topics like sports, news, etc.

  • 10/28 - Lecture 16 Attitudes and Polling: Polling gauges public opinion, although in 2020 polls were demonstrably inaccurate. Accuracy is affected by factors like response rates and sample size. Non-response bias also poses a challenge, as those who respond tend to be disproportionately politically active. Social desirability bias leads to potentially inaccurate polls as people give more socially acceptable answers than truly held beliefs.

  • 11/4 - Lecture 18 Race and Ethnicity: Race is a social construct, not a biological one, shaped by history, not nature. Ethnicity shares cultural, linguistic, and national traits. De jure racism involves codified racial policies (examples: Black Codes, White Primaries, Southern segregation). De facto racism refers to discriminatory practices not explicit in laws. Historical examples include the one-drop rule, and ongoing issues such as wealth differentials and incarceration rates between racial groups.

  • 11/6 - Lecture 19 Immigration: Historical immigration trends in the U.S., from pre-1924 quotas to post-1965 family and labor migration. American public opinion on immigration is complex and often contradictory. Current policy challenges and controversies exist for immigrants and asylum seekers, including legal, illegal, and border-related issues.

  • 11/20 - Lecture 20 American Political Culture: American political culture, comprised of ideals and beliefs, has historically been contested and evolving. Core tenets like liberalism, civil liberties, and egalitarianism are often debated in practice. The perspectives and beliefs on issues like immigration and the role of specific demographics can be divided by geographic locality.

  • 11/25 – Lecture 21 Organized Politics: Organizing around shared political goals is crucial for collective action, but it can be difficult given the free rider problem and coordination challenges. Groups can be particularly effective if they are concentrated and interested, but diffuse groups tend to be less successful. Case studies of political interest groups were analyzed, including the business community, NRA, and ACLU to exemplify organizational tools and strategies.

  • 12/2 - Lecture 22 Money in Politics: The history of regulating political money in the U.S. is marked by periods of substantial regulation and periods of loosening or even removing rules. Political action committees, or PACs, allow various groups to indirectly influence political campaigns. Regulations for individual donation limits, donation amounts, reporting requirements and other practices exist.

  • 12/4 - Lecture 23 Economic Inequality: The causes of economic inequality and public concern for its negative impacts on individuals and society are discussed. The social and political consequences are addressed here via different viewpoints, historical analysis, and societal trends. Globalization and technology are examined through how they affect economic inequality.

  • Lecture 24 - Democratic Accountability 1: This lecture explores the elements of accountability, focusing on how the public expresses its wants and how politicians respond. Public opinion that has clear preferences is noted, while also discussing the challenge of discerning this from conflicting data or issues.

  • Lecture 25 - Democratic Accountability 2: This lecture analyzes retrospective voting and how it can impact political accountability. Factors such as public understanding of their representatives' roles and the public's ability to assess and hold politicians accountable are considered. The lecture discusses different elements that affect political accountability (e.g., myopia, selective perceptions, irrationality).

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This quiz explores the effects of the War on Poverty on the racial wealth gap from 1960 to 1980, delving into home ownership rates, incarceration trends, and drug prosecution disparities. Additionally, it examines the political identification and social views of UNF students.

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