Questions and Answers
What was the first message sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844?
What hath God wrought?
Who is credited with developing Morse Code?
The telegraph was invented by a single individual.
False
In what year did Western Union build its first transcontinental telegraph line?
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The person recognized as the first to survey the entirety of Japan using modern scientific techniques is _____ Tadataka.
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What is Strabo mostly known for?
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What did Inō Tadataka primarily measure to determine the size of the Earth?
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What is the Turin Papyrus Map considered to be?
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The ____ projection is known for maintaining true spatial relationships.
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Map projections can accurately represent both area and shape simultaneously.
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What type of projection does the Orthographic projection resemble?
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What are the popular examples of pseudocylindrical projections?
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The Mollweide projection is frequently used for __________ maps.
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Which of the following projections is not equal-area?
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The Mercator projection accurately represents area for all regions of the Earth.
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Who developed the Winkel tripel projection?
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The AuthaGraph projection allows for an accurate display of Antarctica.
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The Miller cylindrical projection is a modified version of the __________ projection.
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What was Carl Sagan's role in relation to the Apollo missions?
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What term refers to projections that preserve correct area proportions?
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Young users prefer using Google Maps and Search for discovery purposes.
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What is the significance of the 'Blue Marble' photograph?
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Match the following projections with their key characteristics:
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Daylight Saving Time was first introduced in Germany.
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Which of the following states do not change their clocks?
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What does BST stand for in the context of China's time zones?
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What does the European Commission's provisional agreement about cars mandate?
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The European Transport Safety Council says mandatory speed limiters will reduce collisions by ____%.
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Public transportation is entirely free in Luxembourg.
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What is the main goal of making public transportation free?
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According to research, living on the wrong side of a time zone can lead to what health issue?
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The speed limiter technology is called ____ Speed Assist (ISA).
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What year did Tallinn start providing free public transport for residents?
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Archaeological evidence suggests that man-made glass appeared at 3500 BC.
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What were the first-ever glass products used for?
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What innovation made the glass manufacturing process faster and easier?
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Stained glass was used in early churches to depict everyday images.
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When was window glass first manufactured in Britain?
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What is crown glass?
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Open-plan classrooms are shown to have a consistent positive impact on student learning.
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What did the open education movement in the 1960s and '70s advocate?
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What are some critiques of the Harkness discussion model?
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What percentage of the world's population are considered visual learners?
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What feature does the author appreciate about their online learning experience at Stanford Online High School?
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Study Notes
The Telegraph and Its Impact
- The telegraph, developed in the 1840s, revolutionized communication by sending electric signals across wires.
- Samuel Morse, who began work on the telegraph in the 1830s and developed Morse Code, was key in its establishment despite competition from numerous claimants.
- The initial telegraph offer to the U.S. government was rejected, but in 1843, Morse secured Congressional funding for a system linking Washington, D.C., to Baltimore.
- The first long-distance message, sent on May 24, 1844, was "What hath God wrought?"
- By 1861, Western Union completed the first transcontinental telegraph line, highlighting the speed and reach of this communication method.
- The 1858 transatlantic cable allowed near-instant communication between the U.S. and Europe, altering global relations and business.
- The telegraph's expansion led to Western Union's value skyrocketing by 11,000 percent between 1857 and 1867, with a network of about 100,000 miles by 1866.
Inō Tadataka: Japan's Pioneer Cartographer
- Inō Tadataka meticulously surveyed Japan from coast to coast, providing highly accurate maps based on modern scientific techniques.
- His work, initiated at the age of 55, took 17 years and was funded by the Tokugawa shogunate after impressing Tokugawa Ienari with initial results.
- Inō applied celestial observations to determine geographical positions, achieving remarkable latitude accuracy despite challenges like weather and equipment limitations.
- His maps, produced at varying scales (1:36,000, 1:210,000, 1:430,000), influenced modern Japanese cartography, though many official copies were lost due to disasters.
- Inō's legacy was commemorated during the 2001 centennial of his first survey expedition.
Historical Maps: Key Figures and Contributions
- Strabo: Greek geographer known for "Geographica," providing a descriptive history rather than precise locations, influencing geographical understanding during the Byzantine era.
- Eratosthenes: Known as the "father of geography," he created a detailed world map, introduced grid systems, and divided Earth into climate zones.
- Hecataeus of Miletus: First known historian and geographer, he detailed the geography of Europe, Asia, and Africa in his comprehensive work "Periodos ges."
- Anaximander: Credited with the first world map emphasizing inhabited lands as known to ancient Greeks, providing significant geographical insight.
Ancient Map Examples
- Babylonian Map of the World: Circular design showcasing key cities and geographical features like rivers and mountains.
- Turin Papyrus Map: The oldest topographical map, created around 1160 BCE, illustrating the local distribution of geological features for quarrying purposes.
- Mammoth Tusk Map: Possibly the oldest map in Western Europe, depicting the landscape of the Pavlov region in a hunting context.
- Lascaux Cave Star Map: Believed to show celestial patterns and constellations, likely created for religious ceremonies.
Map Projections and Their Implications
- Maps or globes present different advantages and disadvantages regarding the representation of the Earth's surface.
- Globes accurately convey the Earth's geometry, true spatial relationships, and consistent scale but are impractical for extensive mapping.
- Various projection types inherently introduce distortions in area, shape, and distance:
- Cylindrical projections: Wrap around the Earth, but distort polar areas.
- Conic projections: Best for regional maps, useful for thematic representations.
- Azimuthal projections: Useful for polar maps and navigation, showing angles accurately from a central point.
- Pseudocylindrical projections use curved lines for meridians and parallels, facilitating thematic representation.
- Projections can also be categorized by their purpose, such as equal-area, conformal, equidistant, and compromise projections, each serving specific geographic needs.### Stereographic Map Projection
- Known as the azimuthal conformal projection, used since antiquity.
- A perspective projection that maps a sphere onto a plane using polar coordinates.
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
- Transforms a sphere to a disk while accurately representing area.
- Named after Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert (1772).
- Also referred to as the Lambert zenithal equal-area projection.
Mercator Projection
- Created by Gerardus Mercator in 1569 as a conformal cylindrical projection.
- Maintains direction and shape but distorts sizes, especially away from the equator.
- Became essential for navigation.
Robinson Projection
- Developed by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963 for Rand McNally.
- Introduced in 1974, adopted by the National Geographic Society in 1988.
- Aesthetically pleasing; compromises on equal-area and conformal properties.
Goode Homolosine Projection
- A pseudocylindrical, equal-area composite map projection.
- Often presented with multiple interruptions to maintain area accuracy.
- Developed by John Paul Goode in 1923 as an alternative to Mercator.
Winkel Tripel Projection
- A modified azimuthal projection proposed by Oswald Winkel in 1921.
- Minimizes distortions in area, direction, and distance through arithmetic means.
AuthaGraph Projection
- An equal-area world map projection crafted by Hajime Narukawa in 1999.
- Uses triangles and tetrahedron methodology to minimize distortions, notably in Antarctica.
Miller Cylindrical Projection
- A modified version of the Mercator projection by Osborn Maitland Miller in 1942.
- Adjusts latitude scaling to retain equatorial scale while modifying polar regions.
Conformal Projections
- Preserve shapes of small areas, maintaining local angles at intersections.
- Useful for maps requiring accurate angles but varying area representation.
Changing Map Use Trends
- Younger users increasingly prefer platforms like Instagram and TikTok for discovery over Google Maps and Search.
- Google may adapt by indexing social media content for enriched search results.
- Younger generations lack familiarity with traditional paper maps, influencing expectations.
Blue Marble Photograph
- Taken by Apollo 17 in 1972, it was the first full image of the Earth.
- Influenced environmental awareness by showcasing Earth without borders.
Pale Blue Dot Concept
- Captured by Voyager 1 from 3.7 billion miles away in 1990.
- Carl Sagan emphasized Earth's fragility and humanity's shared experience.
Nighttime Earth Observations
- NASA's VIIRS satellite detects nocturnal lights, highlighting economic disparities globally.
- Dark areas indicate less economic development, especially in parts of Africa.
Daylight Savings Time
- Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1784 to maximize sunlight use and save candle usage.
- Introduced in Germany during WWI and adopted in the US in 1918.
- Ongoing debates over its effectiveness and potential alternatives; public divided on year-round implementation.
Time Zone Health Impacts
- Research suggests residing on the late sunset (western) end of time zones leads to reduced sleep and health issues.
- Individuals in later sunset areas face higher obesity and heart attack rates, and diminished productivity.
China's Unique Time Zone Policy
- Despite its vast size, China operates on a single time zone (Beijing Standard Time, GMT+8).
- This change, enacted in 1949, intended to enhance national unity and streamline operations.### Time Zones and Daylight Saving Time in China
- Western provinces, predominantly home to ethnic minorities, often perceive the standard time (BST) as oppressive.
- Farming communities prioritize agricultural work times based on sunlight, disregarding the official time.
- China briefly implemented daylight saving time from 1986 to 1991, but it was deemed inconvenient.
Fare Evasion and Technological Solutions
- Many commuters evade subway fares, leading to innovative technological controls.
- Washington D.C. is testing two new fare gates; one mimics saloon doors while the other features half-discs to prevent jumping.
- The DC Metrorail aims to gather data on these prototypes before expanding the program.
MTA's Fare Gate Pilot Program in New York
- The MTA in New York City has introduced high-tech gates to improve subway access but faces issues like 'piggybacking' where multiple people enter on a single fare.
- Pilot program costs around $700,000 and operates at major transport hubs, leading to a 20% increase in paid ridership at tested stations.
Speed Limiters in the UK
- New European regulations mandate speed limiters in all new vehicles sold in Europe starting July 6, 2022.
- Intelligent Speed Assist (ISA) technology utilizes GPS and traffic-sign recognition to enforce speed limits, potentially reducing collisions by 30%.
Public Transport Initiatives Worldwide
- Melbourne offers several lines of free public transport, including free rides on trams within the city center.
- Luxembourg became the first country to implement entirely free public transit for residents since February 2020, responding to high vehicle density.
- Cities like Austin, Kansas City, Dunkirk, and Tallinn have also experimented with fare-free public transport successfully, albeit with varying results in car use reduction.
Tallinn's Free Public Transport Experiment
- Tallinn introduced free public transport for residents in 2013, claiming a profit of €20 million annually since implementation.
- Registrants pay €2 for a "green card," allowing free travel across various transport modes, contributing to a population increase.
Historical Development of Glass Windows
- Man-made glass dates back to 3500 BC, emerging in Eastern Mesopotamia and Egypt, initially used for opaque products.
- The blowpipe invention allowed faster glass manufacturing, leading to widespread availability in Rome.
- Glass windows became prominent in churches during the 4th century, often featuring stained glass art.
Current Trends in Educational Spaces
- Open-plan classrooms, although trendy, lack conclusive evidence supporting improved learning outcomes over traditional layouts.
- The effectiveness of such environments remains debatable, with varying opinions on their practicality for education.
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Explore the transformative effects of the telegraph from the 1840s to the present day. This quiz will assess your knowledge on how telecommunication has altered global interactions and the rapid exchange of information. Learn about historical milestones and their significance in shaping modern connectivity.
