Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is referred to by the term 'standards' in the context of database systems?
What is referred to by the term 'standards' in the context of database systems?
What is a major advantage of using the database approach in application development?
What is a major advantage of using the database approach in application development?
Why is it important to have current information available in online transaction systems?
Why is it important to have current information available in online transaction systems?
What is one of the benefits of consolidating data and applications across departments?
What is one of the benefits of consolidating data and applications across departments?
Signup and view all the answers
When were the Hierarchical and Network Models of database systems introduced?
When were the Hierarchical and Network Models of database systems introduced?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the IBM system that uses the hierarchical model?
What is the name of the IBM system that uses the hierarchical model?
Signup and view all the answers
When did Relational Model based Systems emerge?
When did Relational Model based Systems emerge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems?
What is the primary purpose of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the current status of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems?
What is the current status of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key feature of the database approach that allows it to adapt to changing requirements?
What is a key feature of the database approach that allows it to adapt to changing requirements?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Impact of Databases and Database Technology
- Databases have a significant impact on various industries, including:
- Businesses: banking, insurance, retail, transportation, healthcare, manufacturing
- Service industries: financial, real-estate, legal, electronic commerce, small businesses
- Education: resources for content and delivery
- More recently: social networks, environmental and scientific applications, medicine and genetics
- Personalized applications: based on smart mobile devices
Simplified Database System Environment
- A simplified database system environment consists of:
- Database management system (DBMS)
- Database
- Applications
Typical DBMS Functionality
- A DBMS typically provides:
- Definition of a particular database in terms of its data types, structures, and constraints
- Construction or loading of the initial database contents on a secondary storage medium
- Manipulation of the database:
- Retrieval: querying, generating reports
- Modification: insertions, deletions, and updates to its content
- Accessing the database through web applications
- Processing and sharing by a set of concurrent users and application programs, while keeping all data valid and consistent
Application Activities Against a Database
- Applications interact with a database by generating:
- Queries: that access different parts of data and formulate the result of a request
- Transactions: that may read some data and "update" certain values or generate new data and store that in the database
- Applications must:
- Not allow unauthorized users to access data
- Keep up with changing user requirements against the database
Additional DBMS Functionality
- A DBMS may additionally provide:
- Protection or security measures to prevent unauthorized access
- "Active" processing to take internal actions on data
- Presentation and visualization of data
- Maintenance of the database and associated programs over the lifetime of the database application
Example of a Database
- A database example is a university environment with:
- Entities: STUDENTS, COURSES, SECTIONS, DEPARTMENTS, INSTRUCTORS
- Relationships: SECTIONS are of specific COURSES, STUDENTS take SECTIONS, COURSES have prerequisite COURSES, INSTRUCTORS teach SECTIONS, COURSES are offered by DEPARTMENTS, STUDENTS major in DEPARTMENTS
Main Characteristics of the Database Approach
- The database approach has the following characteristics:
- Self-describing nature of a database system: a DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular database (meta-data)
- Insulation between programs and data: program-data independence
- Data abstraction: a data model is used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database
- Support of multiple views of the data: each user may see a different view of the database
- Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing: allowing concurrent users to retrieve from and update the database
Database Users
- Database users can be divided into:
- Actors on the scene: those who use and control the database content, and design, develop, and maintain database applications
- Workers behind the scene: those who design and develop the DBMS software and related tools, and computer systems operators
Database Users – Actors on the Scene
- Actors on the scene include:
- Database administrators: responsible for authorizing access to the database, coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources, and controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations
- Database designers: responsible for defining the content, structure, constraints, and functions or transactions against the database
- End-users: use the data for queries, reports, and some update the database content
Database Users – End Users
- End-users can be categorized into:
- Casual: access the database occasionally when needed
- Naïve or parametric: use previously well-defined functions
- Sophisticated: thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities and use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the stored database
- Stand-alone: maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications
Database Users – Actors on the Scene (continued)
- Actors on the scene also include:
- System analysts and application developers: design applications, including canned transactions, to meet user requirements
- Business analysts: analyze vast amounts of business data and real-time data ("Big Data") for better decision making related to planning, advertising, marketing, etc.
Historical Development of Database Technology
- The historical development of database technology includes:
- Early database applications: hierarchical and network models introduced in the mid-1960s and dominated during the 1970s
- Relational model-based systems: introduced in the 1970s, heavily researched and experimented, and relational DBMS products emerged in the early 1980s
- Object-oriented and emerging applications: introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
The impact of databases and database technology on various industries such as business, education, and healthcare. It also explores its influence on personalized applications and social networks.
