Immunology Overview
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Immunology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the immune response to a harmless molecule that leads to tissue damage and even death?

  • Immunodeficiency
  • Hypersensitivity (correct)
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Autoimmunity

    • What is the percentage of the population that suffers from atopy, an inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses?

  • 20-30%
  • 10-20%
  • 50-70%
  • 30-50% (correct)

    • Which type of immune response is mediated by IgE, mast cells, and Th2 responses?

  • Delayed hypersensitivity
  • Immediate hypersensitivity (correct)
  • Immunodeficient response
  • Autoimmune response

    • What is the name of the cells that play a crucial role in the immediate hypersensitivity response?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the harmless molecule that initiates an immune response in some people?

    <p>Allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical manifestation of the immediate hypersensitivity response when it occurs in the skin?

    <p>Wheal and flare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the link between anti-IgG and a specific autoimmune disease?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following autoimmune diseases is linked to anti-myeloperoxidase or proteinase 3?

    <p>Autoimmune vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of IgG mediated pathology?

    <p>Grave’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proof of autoimmunity?

    <p>Passive transfer of disease by immune effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following autoimmune diseases is linked to anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor?

    <p>Graves’ disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which thyroxine production is regulated?

    <p>Negative feedback by thyroxine on the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSH binding to the TSH receptor?

    <p>Stimulation of thyroxine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Graves' disease?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism due to constant stimulation of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the discovery of anti-thyroid autoantibodies made?

    <p>1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland?

    <p>The pituitary gland regulates the thyroid gland through TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Graves' disease on the body?

    <p>Fast heartbeat and hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of primary immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Inherited defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T cell subtype is characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

    <p>CD4+ Th1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of T cell function, what is the role of Regulatory T cells (Treg)?

    <p>Suppressing immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type directly develops from myeloid lineage precursors?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome when Treg cells fail to suppress other T cells?

    <p>Increased inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of secondary immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Acquired due to external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of pre-T cells in the development of T lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in the defense against viral infections and tumors?

    <p>CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which monoclonal anti-IL-17 therapy for psoriasis can lead to severe systemic fungal infections?

    <p>IL-17 is a key cytokine involved in the activation of neutrophils, which are crucial for antifungal defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the increased susceptibility to cancer in individuals with a compromised immune system?

    <p>The lack of effective immune surveillance allows cancerous cells to evade the immune system and proliferate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction contribute to cancer development?

    <p>PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells inhibits the activation of cytotoxic T cells, allowing tumor cells to evade immune destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)?

    <p>The immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent transplant rejection suppress the immune system, allowing EBV-infected B cells to proliferate unchecked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system normally control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells specifically target and eliminate EBV-infected cells, controlling the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why individuals with immunodeficiency are more susceptible to infections?

    <p>They lack a functional adaptive immune system, leaving them susceptible to various pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Gone Wrong

    • The immune system protects us from microbes, viruses, parasites, and other harmful substances.

    Hypersensitivity

    • Hypersensitivity is an immune response to a harmless molecule, leading to tissue damage and even death in some people.
    • Immediate hypersensitivity is also known as an allergy, mediated by IgE, mast cells, and Th2 responses.
    • Atopy is an inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses, affecting 30-50% of the population.

    Autoimmunity

    • Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues.
    • Examples of autoantibodies and their associated diseases:
      • Rheumatoid factors (anti-IgG) - Rheumatoid arthritis
      • Anti-citrullinated peptide - Rheumatoid arthritis
      • Anti-DNA and nucleoprotein - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
      • Anti-myeloperoxidase or proteinase 3 - Autoimmune vasculitis
      • Anti-islet cell antibodies and antibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2, ZnT8 - Type I diabetes
      • Anti-myelin basic protein - Multiple sclerosis
      • Anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor - Graves' disease
      • Anti-acetylcholine receptor - Myasthenia gravis
    • Proof of autoimmunity can be shown through passive transfer of disease by immune effectors (e.g., T cells, antibodies) or clinical responsiveness to immune suppression or re-establishment of tolerance.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Examples of autoimmune diseases:
      • Graves' thyroiditis
      • Myasthenia Gravis
      • Autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' Disease)
    • In Graves' Disease, anti-thyroid autoantibodies are produced, leading to constant stimulation of the thyroid gland, resulting in hyperthyroidism.

    Immunodeficiency

    • Immunodeficiencies can be primary (inherited, rare) or secondary (acquired, common).
    • Primary immune deficiencies affect cells of the immune system, such as bone marrow, granulocyte/monocyte precursors, and lymphocyte precursors.

    Cancer and Immune Surveillance

    • Cancer is a failure of immune surveillance, where the immune system fails to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.
    • Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction is blocked by an antibody, allowing T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells.

    Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD)

    • In healthy individuals, B cells may be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is normally controlled by cytotoxic T cells.
    • However, when T cells are suppressed (e.g., during transplant rejection prevention), infected B cells can undergo malignant transformation, leading to a B cell lymphoma.

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