Immunology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the immune response to a harmless molecule that leads to tissue damage and even death?

  • Immunodeficiency
  • Hypersensitivity (correct)
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Autoimmunity

    • What is the percentage of the population that suffers from atopy, an inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses?

  • 20-30%
  • 10-20%
  • 50-70%
  • 30-50% (correct)

    • Which type of immune response is mediated by IgE, mast cells, and Th2 responses?

  • Delayed hypersensitivity
  • Immediate hypersensitivity (correct)
  • Immunodeficient response
  • Autoimmune response

    • What is the name of the cells that play a crucial role in the immediate hypersensitivity response?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the harmless molecule that initiates an immune response in some people?

    <p>Allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical manifestation of the immediate hypersensitivity response when it occurs in the skin?

    <p>Wheal and flare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the link between anti-IgG and a specific autoimmune disease?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following autoimmune diseases is linked to anti-myeloperoxidase or proteinase 3?

    <p>Autoimmune vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of IgG mediated pathology?

    <p>Grave’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proof of autoimmunity?

    <p>Passive transfer of disease by immune effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following autoimmune diseases is linked to anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor?

    <p>Graves’ disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which thyroxine production is regulated?

    <p>Negative feedback by thyroxine on the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TSH binding to the TSH receptor?

    <p>Stimulation of thyroxine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Graves' disease?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism due to constant stimulation of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the discovery of anti-thyroid autoantibodies made?

    <p>1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland?

    <p>The pituitary gland regulates the thyroid gland through TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Graves' disease on the body?

    <p>Fast heartbeat and hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of primary immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Inherited defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T cell subtype is characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

    <p>CD4+ Th1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of T cell function, what is the role of Regulatory T cells (Treg)?

    <p>Suppressing immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type directly develops from myeloid lineage precursors?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome when Treg cells fail to suppress other T cells?

    <p>Increased inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of secondary immunodeficiencies?

    <p>Acquired due to external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of pre-T cells in the development of T lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in the defense against viral infections and tumors?

    <p>CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which monoclonal anti-IL-17 therapy for psoriasis can lead to severe systemic fungal infections?

    <p>IL-17 is a key cytokine involved in the activation of neutrophils, which are crucial for antifungal defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason behind the increased susceptibility to cancer in individuals with a compromised immune system?

    <p>The lack of effective immune surveillance allows cancerous cells to evade the immune system and proliferate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction contribute to cancer development?

    <p>PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells inhibits the activation of cytotoxic T cells, allowing tumor cells to evade immune destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism for the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)?

    <p>The immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent transplant rejection suppress the immune system, allowing EBV-infected B cells to proliferate unchecked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system normally control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells specifically target and eliminate EBV-infected cells, controlling the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why individuals with immunodeficiency are more susceptible to infections?

    <p>They lack a functional adaptive immune system, leaving them susceptible to various pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Gone Wrong

    • The immune system protects us from microbes, viruses, parasites, and other harmful substances.

    Hypersensitivity

    • Hypersensitivity is an immune response to a harmless molecule, leading to tissue damage and even death in some people.
    • Immediate hypersensitivity is also known as an allergy, mediated by IgE, mast cells, and Th2 responses.
    • Atopy is an inherited tendency to make immediate hypersensitivity responses, affecting 30-50% of the population.

    Autoimmunity

    • Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues.
    • Examples of autoantibodies and their associated diseases:
      • Rheumatoid factors (anti-IgG) - Rheumatoid arthritis
      • Anti-citrullinated peptide - Rheumatoid arthritis
      • Anti-DNA and nucleoprotein - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
      • Anti-myeloperoxidase or proteinase 3 - Autoimmune vasculitis
      • Anti-islet cell antibodies and antibodies to insulin, GAD65, IA-2, ZnT8 - Type I diabetes
      • Anti-myelin basic protein - Multiple sclerosis
      • Anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor - Graves' disease
      • Anti-acetylcholine receptor - Myasthenia gravis
    • Proof of autoimmunity can be shown through passive transfer of disease by immune effectors (e.g., T cells, antibodies) or clinical responsiveness to immune suppression or re-establishment of tolerance.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Examples of autoimmune diseases:
      • Graves' thyroiditis
      • Myasthenia Gravis
      • Autoimmune thyroid disease (Graves' Disease)
    • In Graves' Disease, anti-thyroid autoantibodies are produced, leading to constant stimulation of the thyroid gland, resulting in hyperthyroidism.

    Immunodeficiency

    • Immunodeficiencies can be primary (inherited, rare) or secondary (acquired, common).
    • Primary immune deficiencies affect cells of the immune system, such as bone marrow, granulocyte/monocyte precursors, and lymphocyte precursors.

    Cancer and Immune Surveillance

    • Cancer is a failure of immune surveillance, where the immune system fails to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.
    • Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction is blocked by an antibody, allowing T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells.

    Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD)

    • In healthy individuals, B cells may be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is normally controlled by cytotoxic T cells.
    • However, when T cells are suppressed (e.g., during transplant rejection prevention), infected B cells can undergo malignant transformation, leading to a B cell lymphoma.

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    Immune System Disorders - When Things Go Wrong PDF

    Description

    Explore the basics of immunology, including innate and adaptive immunity, with Professor Mark Peakman. Learn about the different types of immune cells and their functions.

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