Immunology Lectures Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Lecture 16?

  • Introduction to mammalian cells
  • Contamination control in laboratories
  • Overview of the Immune System (correct)
  • Nutrient uptake in cell culture

Which of the following lectures discusses cell culture media?

  • Lecture 11 (correct)
  • Lecture 15
  • Lecture 13
  • Lecture 9

In the content provided, which type of immunity is discussed in Lecture 15?

  • Passive immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
  • Innate immune response (correct)
  • Active immunity

What is a main goal of discussing adaptive immunity?

<p>To identify forms and properties of adaptive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity?

<p>T-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be recapped in the week following the lectures on cell culture media?

<p>Lectures on cell culture media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which week is the Revision scheduled?

<p>Week 12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a focus of Lecture 9?

<p>Cell culture media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of adaptive immunity?

<p>It is specific to particular antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves the development of your own antibodies?

<p>Active immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of T cells assist in activating cytotoxic T cells?

<p>CD4+ Helper Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity provides rapid response due to 'memory' against pathogens?

<p>Adaptive immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?

<p>B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can passive immunity be acquired?

<p>From antibodies produced by another individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to naive T cells when they come into contact with an antigen?

<p>They differentiate into effector and memory T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity can be artificially induced?

<p>Both active and passive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of IgG antibodies?

<p>Defends against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody class is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

<p>IgE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of opsonization by antibodies?

<p>To enhance phagocytosis of pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody is the first produced following an initial antigen exposure?

<p>IgM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do antibodies use to promote agglutination?

<p>They bind and clump infectious agents together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies neutralize viruses or bacterial toxins?

<p>By binding to them and preventing cell attachment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does IgA play in the immune system?

<p>Found in glandular secretions like mucus, tears, and saliva. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ADCC stand for and how does it function?

<p>Antibody Directed Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity; attracts phagocytes to destroy pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of active cytotoxic T-cells?

<p>They destroy antigen-bearing cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the sensitization phase of B-cell response?

<p>Antigen binds to antibodies on B-cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T-cells in B-cell activation?

<p>They stimulate further B-cell differentiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of cells that B-cells differentiate into after activation?

<p>Plasma cells and memory cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component makes up the structure of an antibody?

<p>Two parallel light chains and two parallel heavy chains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are antibodies classified?

<p>By the constant segments they possess. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do memory B cells do in the immune system?

<p>They store information about previous antigens for faster response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that active cytotoxic T-cells destroy target cells?

<p>Through perforin release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily happens during the primary immune response?

<p>Production of IgM antibodies followed by IgG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of immunological memory?

<p>Memory cells can quickly expand upon re-exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the direct destruction of pathogens by phagocytes?

<p>Inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do memory B cells play in the secondary immune response?

<p>They quickly differentiate into plasma cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adaptive immunity involves T-cells?

<p>Cellular immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?

<p>Secondary response has a longer duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of agglutination in the immune system?

<p>To enhance pathogen recognition by phagocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibodies is produced first during an immune response?

<p>IgM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors do T cells use to recognize antigens?

<p>Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of MHC proteins is present in all nucleated cells?

<p>MHC Class-I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of natural killer T cells after activation?

<p>Performing functions like CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the cytotoxic T-cell response?

<p>Antigen recognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are specialized antigen-presenting cells that express MHC Class-II?

<p>Macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the activation and division of cytotoxic T cells?

<p>Antigen recognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of MHC protein?

<p>MHC Class-V (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells express MHC Class-I molecules?

<p>All nucleated cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the goal of lecture 16?

The goal of lecture 16 is to understand adaptive immunity, its forms and properties, and the difference between cell-mediated immunity (T-cells) and antibody-mediated humoral immunity (B-cells).

Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system is a specific defense mechanism that targets and remembers specific pathogens or antigens.

Forms and Properties of Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity has two main forms: cell-mediated immunity (T-cells) and antibody-mediated humoral immunity (B-cells). These forms have specific properties: they are highly specific, have memory, and are diverse.

Cell-mediated Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity is a type of adaptive immunity that involves T-cells, which directly kill infected cells or regulate other immune cells.

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Antibody-mediated Humoral Immunity

Antibody-mediated humoral immunity involves B-cells, which produce antibodies that bind to and inactivate pathogens.

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Difference between Cell-mediated and Humoral Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity directly targets infected cells, while humoral immunity uses antibodies to fight pathogens in the blood and fluids.

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T-cells

T-cells are a type of white blood cell responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They directly kill infected cells or regulate other immune cells.

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B-cells

B-cells are a type of white blood cell responsible for antibody-mediated humoral immunity. They produce antibodies that bind to and inactivate pathogens.

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Passive Immunity

Immune protection provided by antibodies acquired from an external source, such as from a mother to a baby or through antibody therapy.

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Humoral Immunity

Adaptive immune response mediated by B-cells and antibodies that circulate in the blood.

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Cellular Immunity

Adaptive immune response mediated by T-cells that directly attack infected cells or tumor cells.

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CD4+ Helper Cells

T-cells that assist in the maturation of B-cells into antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B cells. They also activate cytotoxic T cells.

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CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells

T-cells that directly kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells by causing cell lysis.

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Memory T Cells

Long-lived T-cells that quickly expand into effector cells (CD4+ and CD8+) upon re-exposure to a pathogen, providing the immune system with ‘memory’ against previously encountered pathogens.

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Cytotoxic T-cell destruction

Cytotoxic T-cells kill antigen-bearing cells using perforin, cytokines like lymphotoxin, and other mechanisms.

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Perforin release

Perforin, a protein released by cytotoxic T-cells, creates pores in the target cell's membrane, disrupting its integrity.

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T-Cell Activation

A T-cell binds to an antigen-MHCII complex on a B-cell, releasing cytokines that stimulate the B-cell further.

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B-cell Sensitization

An antigen binds to antibodies on a B-cell. This B-cell then engulfs the antigen and displays it on its surface with MHC-II.

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B-cell Differentiation

Activated B-cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies, and memory B-cells, which remember the antigen.

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Antibody Structure

Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules comprised of two light chains and two heavy chains, with a constant and a variable segment.

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Antibody Constant Region

The constant region of an antibody determines its class (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD) and its effector function.

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Antibody Variable Region

The variable region of an antibody binds to a specific antigen, making it unique.

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Natural Killer T Cells (NKT Cells)

A type of T-cell that recognizes antigens presented by non-MHC molecules (unlike regular T-cells). They function similarly to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells after activation.

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Antigen Presentation

The process by which immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells, display fragments of antigens on their surfaces using MHC molecules.

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MHC Class-I

MHC molecules found on all nucleated cells. They present antigens to cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+ T-cells), triggering an immune response against infected or cancerous cells.

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MHC Class-II

MHC molecules found on specialized antigen-presenting cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-cells. They present antigens to helper T-cells (CD4+ T-cells), which activate other immune cells.

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Cytotoxic T-cell Recognition

Cytotoxic T-cells directly recognize antigens presented by MHC Class-I molecules on infected or cancerous cells.

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Cytotoxic T-cell Activation

Antigen recognition by cytotoxic T-cells triggers their activation, leading to cell division and the production of active cytotoxic T-cells and memory T-cells.

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Cytotoxic T-cell Function

Activated cytotoxic T-cells directly kill infected or cancerous cells by releasing cytotoxic substances.

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Variable Region of an Antibody

The part of an antibody that specifically recognizes and binds to a particular antigen.

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Immunoglobulin (Ig)

Another term for antibody, often used when describing different types of antibodies (e.g., IgG, IgM).

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IgG Antibody

The most abundant type of antibody in the body, responsible for defending against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins.

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IgM Antibody

The first antibody type produced after initial exposure to an antigen. It plays a role in blood type incompatibility.

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IgA Antibody

Found in glandular secretions (mucus, tears, saliva), IgA defends against pathogens before they enter body tissues.

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IgE Antibody

Triggers inflammation and the release of histamine after exposure to an antigen, causing allergic reactions.

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Neutralization (Antibody Function)

Antibodies bind to and block viruses or toxins, preventing them from attaching to cells and causing harm.

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Agglutination (Antibody Function)

Antibodies clump infectious agents together, making them easier for phagocytes to engulf and destroy.

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Adaptive Immune Response

A specific defense mechanism that targets and remembers specific pathogens or antigens. It involves T-cells and B-cells, which are responsible for cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, respectively.

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Primary vs. Secondary Immune Response

The primary immune response is the initial exposure to an antigen, resulting in slower antibody production and less effective response. The secondary response is triggered by re-exposure to the same antigen, resulting in a much faster and stronger antibody response due to memory B cells.

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Immunological Memory

The ability of the adaptive immune system to remember past encounters with specific pathogens, allowing for a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure.

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Study Notes

Weekly Schedule for Cell Culture Classes

  • Week 1 (Tue 10th Sept): Introduction to the lecture module
  • Week 2 (Mon 16th Sept): Use of mammalian cells
  • Week 2 (Tue 17th Sept): Cell culture lab layout, equipment and materials
  • Week 3 (Mon 23rd Sept): Contamination control
  • Week 3 (Tue 24th Sept): Contamination control
  • Week 4 (Mon 30th Sept): Contamination control
  • Week 4 (Tue 1st Oct): Recap of lectures 2, 3, 4 and 5, along with sample assessment questions
  • Week 5 (Mon 7th Oct): Nutrient uptake
  • Week 5 (Tue 8th Oct): Nutrient uptake and assessment questions
  • Week 6 (Mon 14th Oct): Biology of Culture Cells
  • Week 6 (Tue 15th Oct): Cell culture media
  • Week 7 (Mon 21st Oct): Cell culture media (postponed)
  • Week 7 (Tue 22nd Oct): Lab 3 data analysis, Reading Week
  • Week 8 (Mon 4th Nov): Cell culture media
  • Week 8 (Tue 5th Nov): Cell Culture Media
  • Week 9 (Mon 11th Nov): Growing mammalian cells
  • Week 9 (Tue 12th Nov): Recap of lectures 8, 9, 10, and 11, along with sample assessment questions
  • Week 10 (Mon 18th Nov): Monitoring growth
  • Week 10 (Tue 19th Nov): Cryopreservation of cells and recap of lectures 12, 13 and 14, along with sample assessment questions
  • Week 11 (Mon 25th Nov): Innate immune response
  • Week 11 (Tue 26th Nov): Adaptive immune response and Bioassays
  • Week 11 (Tue 26th Nov): Recap of lectures 15 and 16, along with sample assessment questions
  • Week 12 (Mon 2nd Dec): Revision
  • Week 12 (Tue 3rd Dec): Revision

Immune System Overview - Lecture 16

  • Lecture Overview: Introduction, discussion on the adaptive immune system, and a summary
  • Introduction: The goal is to define adaptive immunity and its forms and properties
  • Discussion: Difference between cell-mediated immunity (T-cells) and antibody-mediated humoral immunity (B-cells)
  • Immune System Diagram: Illustrates interconnections between the innate and adaptive immune systems
  • Adaptive Immunity - Key Features: Not present at birth, specific, develops only after exposure to a specific antigen, can be active or passive and has immunological memory.
  • Adaptive Immunity Types: Active (natural or artificial) and Passive (natural or artificial) immunity.
  • Humoral and Cellular Adaptive Immunity: T cell responses: CD4+ Helper Cells (help in maturation and activation of cytotoxic T cells); CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells (lyse virus-infected and tumor cells); Memory T Cells (retain memory of encountered pathogens); Natural Killer T Cells (recognize diverse antigens and act like CD4+ and CD8+). B-cell responses (antibody-mediated immunity); B cells produce specific antibodies to target antigens. Sensitization, and division and differentiation to create plasma cells and memory B cells
  • The T cell response (cellular immunity): T cells must be activated by antigen exposure, using antigen presentation by specialized cells. Two major types of MHC proteins (MHC Class I, II) facilitating antigen presentation
  • Stages of Cytotoxic T Cell Response: Recogntion, Activation and Division, Destruction of Target Cells.
  • The B cell response (antibody-mediated immunity): B cells produce specific antibodies with a variable and constant segment targeting specific antigens. Sensitization, and subsequent division and differentiation of B cells into plasma and memory cells.
  • Activation of B Cells: T cells attach inducing cytokine release to activate B cells
  • Division and Differentiation: Activated B cells divide and differentiate into plasma cells secreting large amounts of antibodies and memory B cells storing antigens for quicker responses if the antigen is encountered again.
  • Antibody Structure: Antibody molecules are Y-shaped, composed of two pairs of light and heavy polypeptide chains. Variable region for antigen binding, and a constant region. Five types of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD).
  • Classes of Antibodies: Functions and characteristics of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.
  • Antibody Function: Neutralization, Agglutination, Activation of Complement, Antibody-dependent Cell-Mediated Toxicity (ADCC), Opsonization, and Inflammation.
  • Primary and Secondary Response to Antigen Exposure: Immunological Memory – Initial and repeated antigen exposures. Primary response takes weeks and secondary response occurs faster due to memory cells.
  • Conclusion: Adaptive immune response is antigen specific, comprises of cellular (T cell) and humoral (B cell) responses and has immunological memory from memory B and T cells

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Lecture 16: Adaptive Immune Response & Bioassays - PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts from immunology lectures, including adaptive and cell-mediated immunity, the role of various immune cells, and methods of acquiring immunity. Test your knowledge on cell culture media and the characteristics of different types of immunity discussed in the lectures.

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